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Discovering Biology in a Digital World

My thoughts on biology, teaching, life, and exploring the living world via the digital one. Only my opinions are represented by these postings, they do not represent the viewpoints of any funding agency or Geospiza, Inc.

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Sandra Porter I am a microbiologist and molecular biologist turned tenured biotech faculty turned bioinformatics scientist turned entrepreneur. My passion is developing instructional materials for 21st century biology (Geospiza Education).

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    Evolution:

    Mapping polymorphisms in 16S ribosomal RNA

    In the class that I'm teaching, we found that several PCR products, amplified from the 16S ribosomal RNA genes from bacterial isolates, contain a mixed base in one or more positions. We picked samples where the mixed bases were located in high quality regions of the sequence (Q >40), and determined that the mixed bases mostly likely come from different...

    Meet the ribosomes

    Ribosomes are molecular machines that build new proteins. This process of synthesizing a protein is also known as translation. Many antibiotics prevent translation by binding to ribosomal RNA. In the class that I'm teaching, we're going to be looking at ribosome structures to see if the polymorphisms that we find in the sequences of 16S ribosomal RNA are related antibiotic...

    A beginner's guide to making a phylogenetic tree

    I made this video (below the fold) to illustrate the steps involved in making a phylogenetic tree. The basic steps are to: Build a data set Align the sequences Make a tree In the class that I'm teaching, we're making these trees in order to compare sequences from our metagenomics experiment with the multiple copies of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA)...

    Digital Biology Friday: Who were those molecules anyway?

    Two molecules are locked in a tight embrace. Who are they?

    If you have free time over winter break...

    You can get a jump on the Darwin Day festivities. Once again the Alliance for Science is sponsoring an essay contest for Darwin Day. If you download their suggestions for good essay writing, you can get your essay done over winter break and have a good crack at winning on those cash prizes! The Alliance for Science is pleased to...

    Digital Biology Friday: Free to evolve?

    This is a fun puzzle. The pink molecule is a protein and the other molecule is a nucleic acid....

    Digital Biology Friday: Animal Mitochondria and Evolution, part II

    You too, can compare chimp and human DNA.

    High school students uncover their past through their DNA

    Students at Soldan International High School are participating in an amazing experiment and breaking ground that most science teachers fear to tread. Soldan students, along with hundreds of thousands of other people, are participating in the National Geographic's Genographic Project. Through this project, students send in cheek swabs, DNA is isolated from the cheek cells, and genetic markers are used...

    Digital Biology Friday: Animal Mitochondria and Evolution Revisited

    An evolution activity for the classroom.

    How does a single nucleotide change make influenza virus resistant to a drug?

    Fun with molecular models!

    Biology bookstore helpers: Portland needs you!

    One of the places that I've always wanted to visit in Portland, OR, is Powell's City of Books. Powell's is the kind of bookstore that people in Seattle discuss in the same reverent tones that they use when they're describing Cody's in Berkeley or City Light in San Francisco. It's not just a bookstore. It's a destination. I guess that's...

    Steven Colbert becomes intimately acquainted with his own DNA!

    Thanks to Steven Colbert you can hear about DNA directly from Dr. Spencer Wells from the National Genographic Project. I read about this video in the GenomeWeb Daily Scan and had to check it out. Who would have thought scientists could be so funny?...

    Professor Steve Steve bears all at Virginia Tech

    Not content with his recent exploits in human experimentation and cavorting with Plosites in San Francisco, Professor Steve Steve jetted across the country once again, last week, hitting both both Blacksburg, VA and Seattle, WA, and creating pandemonium wherever he went. And raising the question - how does he get back and forth across the coast so quickly? Will you...

    Updates to the BLAST for beginners tutorial

    BLAST has gotten harder.

    Using Bioinformatics to Study Evolution: Animating PCR

    The best PCR animations on the web

    Using Bioinformatics to Study Evolution: reading assignments

    Assigned readings on BLAST and phylogenetics.

    Using Bioinformatics to Study Evolution, intro

    An introduction to our Alaskan NSF Chautauqua course and a pre-course assignment. I don't know how well this will work, but I thought it might be interesting this year to experiment with blogging about our course and sharing some of our experiences with the rest of the world. Here's your chance readers, if you'd like to do some of the...

    The Alliance for Science wins big

    Why do high schoolers think doctors should understand evolution?

    Celebrate Darwin Day by writing an essay!

    Win cash or other prizes!

    That which cannot be mentioned by name

    You can write about sex, but you can't write about

    The science behind Benghazi

    Who infected the children with HIV: Using the data to solve the puzzle.

    White people are mutants

    Razib inspired me to share some of the story behind why white people are considered derivatives. Reposted from the Classic Digital Bio. No red herrings, here! Lamason et. al. found a single gene that controls human skin color while studying pigmentation in zebra fish (1)....

    Digital Biology Friday: The importance of being aerobic

    If we compare sections 1, 2, and 3, we see that section 2 matches very well in a number of different samples, and that there are differences between the sequences in sections 1 and 3. We also learn something about the people who did the experiment....

    Digital Biology Friday: All mutations are not alike

    Like biology, all bioinformatics is based on the idea that living things shared a common ancestor. I have posted, and will post other articles that test that notion, but for the moment, we're going to use that idea as a starting point in today's quest. If we agree that we have a common ancestor, then we can use that idea...

    Using HIV to prove some points about evolution, part IV

    Did HIV become resistant to Atazanavir because of a genetic change? Was that genetic change inherited? Did HIV evolve? Can we explain why genetic changes at specific sites might help HIV escape the effects of the drug? Let's find out....

    Using HIV to prove some points about evolution, part III

    In which we see the results and come to our own conclusions. If you want to let other people tell you what's right and what's wrong, they will surely do so. Turn on the TV and hordes of happy actors bounce around, only too happy to help you purchase the right deodorant. Open your e-mail and everyone wants to share...

    Using HIV to prove some points about evolution, part II

    Let the experiment begin....

    Digital Biology Friday: Monkeying around with mitochondrial DNA

    The past few Fridays, we've been comparing human mitochondrial DNA with the mitochondrial DNA of different apes. We started doing this here, where you can find directions for getting started. And, we've found some interesting things....

    Using HIV to prove some points about evolution, part I.

    When can a really bad virus be used to do something good? When we can use it to learn. The human immunodeficiency virus, cause of AIDS, scourge of countries, and recent focus of ScienceBlogs; like humans, evolves. As one of my fellow ScienceBloggers noted, few biological systems demonstrate evolution as clearly as HIV. In this series, I'm going to guide...

    Digital Biology Friday: How similar are apes and humans?

    During these past couple of weeks, we've been comparing mitochondrial DNA sequences from humans and great apes, in order to see how similar the sequences are. Last week, I got distracted by finding a copy of a human mitochondrial genome, that somehow got out of a mitochondria, and got stuck right inside of chromosome 17! The existence of this extra...

    Waxing lyrical about that stuff in our ears

    It's hard sometimes when you're out of synch with the rest of the world. While my fellow ScienceBloggers have been obsessing about breasts, I've been really amused by the genetics of ear wax. Eh, what's that you say? Yes, it's true. Back in March, when Nature Genetics published this paper from Yoshiura (and friends), this bit of fun just went...

    Digital Biology Friday: Hey, who moved my DNA?

    Last week, we decided to compare a human mitochondrial DNA sequence with the mitochondrial sequences of our cousins, the apes, and find out how similar these sequences really are. The answer is: really, really, similar. And you can see that, in the BLAST graph, below the fold. A quick glance shows that the ape with the most similar mitochondrial sequence...

    Digital Biology Friday: That was no ape, that was my brother!

    We've had a good time in the past few last weeks, identifying unknown sequences and learning our way around a GenBank nucleotide record. To some people, it seems that this is all there is to doing digital biology. They would, of course, be wrong. We can do much, much more than identifying DNA sequences and obtaining crucial information, like who...

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