Eruptions

A volcanic cruise through the Mariana Islands: Part 2

Posted by Erik Klemetti on July 16, 2010
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Our tour of the Marianas begins SW of Guam. In this area the volcanoes are submerged and make up a region known as the Southern Seamount Province. Our first stop is Tracey Seamount, which lies 30 km west of Guam. Tracey is a ~2 km tall cone and volume of ~45 km3 It is one of the smaller volcanoes in the Mariana arc; Pagan, contains about 2200 km3 of material (Bloomer et al., 1989). It has a sector collapse on its western flank and resembles a submarine Mt. St. Helens. It was investigated by the ROV Hyper-Dolphin from the R/V Natsushima in Feb. 2009, which revealed that the cone is map up of alternating pyroclastics and dacite built on a basaltic-andesite base. A dome of dacite has formed in the collapse area. It is still considered active and that along with its proximity to Guam and its history of sector collapse suggest an underappreciated risk to the island.

i-e7321e59e23cc0d7758f3e4ac1d94adb-map_mariana_islands_volcanoes-thumb-300x488-52588.gif
Map of the volcanoes of the Marianas Islands.

Next up is West Rota. This is a large submarine caldera 40 km WNW of Rota. In fact it is the largest caldera in the IBM system, similar in size to Crater Lake in Oregon. Found in the caldera are large balls of rhyolite that are inferred to be rhyolite “balloons” that may have actually floated for a time after erupting (Stern et al. 2008). The youngest material dated so far is 37,000 years old, but there is evidence of current hydrothermal activity.

64 km of Rota and west of the main arc is the small but notable submarine volcano NW Rota 1. It is notable for being the site of the first directly observed deep submarine eruption. In 2001 it was dredged (my first cruise), but nothing unusual was noticed. In 2003 NOAA scientists detected an acidic plume above the summit. Subsequent dives by ROVs in 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2009 found continued vigorous activity, including sulfur-rich plumes, occasional small explosions and density flows of tephra down the flanks. The material being erupted is basaltic-andesite and despite the non-stop activity, no evidence has ever been observed on the surface that anything is going on down below. NW Rota is also the home to a rich ecosystem of shrimp and other organisms that are dependent on sulfur-loving colonies of chemosynthetic bacteria.

Further to the north we enter the Central Island Province, but not all volcanoes here have breached the surface. In addition to a multitude of small submarinevolcanoes, there are several larger ones: Esmeralda Bank, Zealandia Bank, Ruby and East Diamante Seamount. Several of these have some historic record of possible activity (mostly disturbed, discolored water) and Diamante has noticeable hydrothermal activity.

The islands proper start (moving S to N) with the intriguing Anatahan, which consist of overlapping calderas

i-b70c7626f2729dee196ee574975eb751-Anatahan-thumb-400x266-52593.jpg
Morning view of Anatahan from my room, R/V Natsushima June 2009.

Anatahan had a significant eruption in 2003 and there is an interesting story about Japanese holdouts on the island at the end of WWII that was made into little-known movie.

Sarigan is next.

i-1e07d339b7e276d80da9c6b9f187ff34-Satigan-thumb-400x266-52595.jpg
Sarigan Island in the Marianas.

Recently there was a submarine eruption south of Sarigan. A cruise underway at this moment may, if time permits, send an ROV to visit the presumed eruption site.

Guguan last erupted in the 19th century. Alamagan to the north has no definitive historic record of activity, although there was a false alarm in 1999. Pagan is one of the few islands (outside of the larger Saipan, Tinian, Rota and Guam) to have any population. Even minor activity there presents a concern due to this. Agrigan has a caldera that was the site of small eruption around 1917. The symmetrical cone of Ascuncion had reported activity early in the 20the century, but its northern neighbors, the Maug Islands, have no historic eruptions and are in fact the eroding remnants of a caldera. Further north we enter another seamount province, except for Uracas or Farallon de Pajaros. This particular volcano and its submarine neighbors seem to be particularly restless. North of FdP is considered to be the end of the Marianas and the start of the Bonin or Volcano Islands.

Guguan Alamagan.JPG
Guguan and Alamagan Islands in the Marianas. Image by Ed Kohut.

References
Bloomer, S. H., Stern, R. J., and Smoot, N. C. “Physical Volcanology of the Submarine Mariana and Volcano Arcs.” Bull. Volcanology, 51, 210-224, 1989.

Gill, J., Klemperer, S., Stern, R., Tamura, Y., and Wiens, D. 2003. ‘Subduction-Factory’ Meeting Studies Izu-Bonin-Mariana Margin. Eos, v. 84, No. 1, p. 3

Stern, R.J., Fouch, M.J., and Klemperer, S., 2003. “An Overview of the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Subduction Factory” in J. Eiler and M. Hirschmann (eds.) Inside the Subduction Factory, Geophysical Monograph 138, American Geophysical Union, 175-222.

Stern, R.J., Tamura, Y., Embley, R.W., Ishizuku, O., Merle, S., Basu, N.K., Kawabata, H., and Bloomer, S.H., 2008. Evolution of West Rota Volcano, an extinct submarine volcano in the Southern Mariana Arc: Evidence from sea floor morphology, remotely operated vehicle observations and 40Ar/39Ar Geochronology. The Island Arc 17, 70-89.

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Comments

  1. #1 Kultsi, Askola, FI
    July 16, 2010

    Thank you again, doc Ed!

    A question, though: at what depths are these submarine volcanoes, and how does that affect the ejecta, or does it?

  2. #2 Passerby
    July 16, 2010

    Agrigan (Agrihan to the natives) had VEI 4 eruption in 1917, according to SI-GVP.

    I’m also going to question the cited population (Wikipage) of less than 10 in 2006. No reason to believe that the island has become depopulated since this casual report was written in 1992. The officially reported by the US Census Bureau as zero in 2000 and estimated to be less than 10 in 2005.

    The island had been continuously inhabited for 48 years at the time the author visited. Family members who go onto high school return to the island later on. The Chamorro indigenous people are nearly all Roman Catholic and tend to have large families.

    My guess is that CMNI is reluctant to officially recognize settlers who haven’t been granted land ownership – political shenanigans.

    cnminorthernislands.com/current_doc/agrihan.html

  3. #3 mike don
    July 16, 2010

    I doubt that the CMNI authorities would be over-happy about having to evacuate ten unofficial settlers on Agrigan/Agrihan in the event of volcanic unrest there. Not impossible, since they have had to evacuate two islands (Pagan and Anatahan) in the last thirty years, and Pagan gave the authorities, I rather suspect, a nasty scare -warning earthquakes were ignored, and the islanders were only evacuated AFTER the climactic explosion

    A couple of questions for EKoh:
    West Rota – if both plates in the Marianas are oceanic crust (no continental material) where did the large-volume rhyolite come from?
    NW Rota 1 – if it is west of, ie behind, the main arc, are its products more alkaline than the main arc volcanoes?

  4. #4 Passerby
    July 16, 2010

    There was NO ‘nasty explosion’. There was some EQ activity that raised alarms, which is apparently not uncommon nor are volcanic exhalations, according to that article which is dated two years after the incident. An unknown number lived on the island before the 1990 evacuation and they all apparently returned and were slowly increasing in number as of 1992.

    My bad, the islanders are Carolinians (people originating the Caroline Islands, 2 different atolls speaking different dialects who migrated for work in the 1880s) and at about 6,000 total in CMNI, are a small non-indigenous Micronesian population.

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_islands
    http://www.pacificworlds.com/cnmi/arrival/comeash.cfm

    USFWS biologists are conducting survey work in the islands this summer, so we can find out through the science grapevine.

    Bill Chadwick might be able to answer your question on the lavas at NW Rota-1, although I think he might be on the field expedition Ed mentioned.

    nwrota2009.blogspot.com/

    Ed will have to explain the details of this paper, it’s complex.

    Evolution of West Rota Volcano, an extinct submarine volcano in the southern Mariana Arc. Stern et al. (2008)
    Island Arc 17:70–89.
    http://www.utdallas.edu/~rjstern/pdfs/W.Rota.TIA08.pdf.

  5. #5 Lurking
    July 16, 2010

    OT: June 2010 SciAm has an article about postperovskite. A denser form of perovskite that may account for the seismic seen at 2,600 km.

    Really OT [@Passerby]:

    “…My bad, the islanders are Carolinians (people originating the Caroline Islands, 2 different atolls speaking different dialects who migrated for work in the 1880s)…”

    I’m glad you clarified that, for a moment I thought that there might be an Algonquian link.

  6. #6 Lurking
    July 16, 2010

    Re: boo boo

    Please insert “discontinuity” between “seismic” and “seen” in my last post.

  7. #7 EKoh
    July 16, 2010

    I’ll have time later this evening to answer your questions on NW-Rota. Passerby, Bill Chadwick is usually not on the JAMSTEC cruises, but I think Bob Embley is supposed to be. I’ll see if I can get any updates from them regarding NW-Rota activity.

    Ed Kohut

  8. #8 Passerby
    July 16, 2010

    Right, Bill wasn’t on the JAMSTEC mission (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology), he was on the 2010 ROTA-NW expedition/NSF Vents Program at Sea, with the Jason ROV, and he was on the 2009 cruise as well:

    nwrota2010.blogspot.com/2010/03/science-team.html
    http://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/about/index.html

    This large research group is part of longterm NSF program/project series to monitor and study the volcanology, chemistry and ecology of submarine vent systems.

    The 2009 and 2010 expedition blogs are very cool to browse – and timely, with respect to Ed’s series on Mariana Island Arc volcanism this week, but it’s not the same expedition that Ed references in his post.

  9. #9 Lurking
    July 16, 2010

    Sorry for the loon question.

    What amount of stress does a subducting plate feel if “slab pull” is the main driving mechanism? Wouldn’t there be a region somewhat away from the trench that experiences quakes related to the bending stress? Natch, it’s actually a shallow bend towards the area of the trench, but is there a scenario where a segment could snap and create a new volcanically active region if not a full on large igneous province?

    If it’s too weird of a question, no biggie, I’ve been drinking.

  10. #10 EKoh
    July 16, 2010

    The NW-Rota lavas are not that much different than typical Mariana Arc basalts in terms of alkalis. Within oceanic crust, the initial melts in spreading centers and the waning ones in hotspots tend to be more alkaline.
    The Marianas arc is building continental crust, but the arc crust at this time is still relatively thin compared to Japan or New Zealand.
    For the West Rota rhyolite, Stern et al. suggest that a basaltic magma provided heat to melt andesitic crust. Rhyolite is bery viscous and has difficulty reaching the surface in many arc volcanoes, but they suggest that the faults in the area provided pathways to the surface.
    @9 Lurking, not a loon question at all. The slab pull and overall plate convergence create tremendous compressive stress in both the subducting and overriding plate, particularly in the forearc region. This stress creates thrust faults and they can build up a lot of strain or potential energy in between slips. When they go you can megathrust quakes with Magnitudes >9 and simultaneous uplift and subsidence on the coast and seafloor. This can produce tsunami. The 1960 Chile quake/tsunami, 1964 Alaska quake/tsunamiand the 2004 Indonesian quake/tsunami were all megathrust quakes. Just another reason why subduction zones are so important to understand.

  11. #11 mike don
    July 17, 2010

    Passerby 4: was that comment for me? I never mentioned a ‘nasty explosion’ -I said that the authorities were given a ‘nasty scare’ by the Pagan 1981 event. not quite the same thing, and a reasonable inference from the GVP ‘Monthly Reports’ for Pagan at the time. Nor did I say that the evacuation from Pagan in 1981 was permanent (because I have no information on that point) merely that, according to GVP, it took place

    Passerby 8: Thanks for the links to the Rota blogs, they’re going to be useful.

    Ekoh: thanks for answering my queries about Rota rhyolite and the NW Rota basaltic andesites: on the latter, I asked because in other arcs volcanoes behind the volcanic front (eg Bogoslof and Batu Tara) are distinctively more alkaline, and was wondering if NWR-1 fell into that category. Obviously it doesn’t.

  12. #12 Passerby
    July 17, 2010

    The GVP monthly report was ambiguous on details of the evacuation. Certainly, Pagan was evacuated. Alamagan may also have been evacuated, but I can’t find mention of Agrihan being evacuated in 1981, although we know it was populated at the time. Indeed, the extensive ash plume is described as traveling SSE, while Agrihan lies to the N of Pagan.

    The subject was Agrihan, it’s residents and the disjoint figures reported for it’s population at various dates. I made no mention of Pagan.

    Interesting things are happening in the Mariana Islands.

    A new naval training base is under construction
    http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=1&newsID=101400

    and increased military presence has spurred interest in seismic detection in the islands, with the USGS and it’s prime collaborator, SMU, planning to install and operate 4 (probably more later) multi-sensor field sites:

    Volcano monitoring will target threats to Marianas. Feb 2010
    http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=1&newsID=97566

    which is a Very Good Idea, given the uptick in volcanic activity in island and submarine volcanoes.

    See: Table of recent eruptive activity at Northern Mariana volcanoes.

    Interagency Operating Plan for Volcanic Ash Hazards to Aviation in the Pacific Region of the N Mariana Islands. June 2009 (updated Aug 09)

    http://www.ofcm.gov/p35-nvaopa/regional_plans/Draft%20Framework%20MARIANAS%20Plan%206.29.09.pdf

  13. #13 mike don
    July 17, 2010

    Sorry for the misunderstanding; I thought you were casting aspersions (as painful as a bash on the head from a lump of scoria)

    Guess the main hazard on Guam would be tsunami, either earthquake-triggered or as the result of edifice collapse since many Marianas volcanoes are pretty ‘high’ mountains with respect to their base, even if only the summits (sometimes) appear above sea level. I don’t know much about the geography of Guam, but isn’t it fairly low-lying? Ash hazard for aircraft, of course, but not such a problem for subs, I would think

  14. #14 Passerby
    July 17, 2010

    USDOD keeps it future plans on the QT, but with increasing tension between the US and Japan over pollution, noise and crowding issues on Okinawa, the general impression is that ‘some’ US military base operations in Japan are going to shift southward to Guam.

    Submarine training ops in Guam is the US answer to increasing Chinese Naval military exercises in the Yellow Sea.

    However, the primary concern is surveillance and routine USAF ops hazards from volcanic dust in the region; hence it’s presence in the cooperative interagency agreement I cited, wherein they supply met capabilities for plume and storm monitoring.

    Meanwhile, Ralph at The Volcanism Blog has posted on a Volcano Art exhibition. Worth a gander.

    volcanism.wordpress.com/

  15. #15 BarbB
    July 17, 2010

    Science and the movies – I love it!

    At one point, wasn’t there a Northern Marianas Volcano Observatory? I haven’t seen that for a while, but one can still get updates of the Northern Marianas volcanoes at http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/nmi/activity/index.php

    Note that Pagan is currently at Yellow alert. The GVP eruptive history page doesn’t have an stop date listed for the eruption that began on April 15, 2009, so perhaps this current unrest there is still considered a part of that eruption?

  16. #16 Passerby
    July 17, 2010

    You’re thinking of the USGS NMI webpage:

    volcanoes.usgs.gov/nmi/activity/

    And yes, according the update posted by the USGS duty officer for NMI (out of HVO), activity is ongoing at Pagan, but at low levels…for now.

    The webpage will be expanded when the expanded monitoring system comes online.

    Sooner would be better.

  17. #17 Jen
    July 18, 2010

    Off topic, but there was a 3.5 at Long Valley just an hour ago. Not very large but bigger than what’s been going on the past few months, located inside the caldera rim.

  18. #18 Diane N CA
    July 18, 2010

    Jen, I saw that. It seems a bit unusual as we haven’t seen one of that magnitude for some time. I’ll be watching that area as I usually check it every day.

    On the open thread, I posted the info on two quakes on New Britian Is. One was 6.9 and the other was 6.8.

  19. #19 Passerby
    July 18, 2010

    New Britain area EQ was upgraded to a 7.3 (occurred at 13:35 UTC)

  20. #20 Diane N CA
    July 18, 2010

    Passerby, I just saw that. I was checking out other things and checked again. I don’t think I would want to be there right now.

    Dr. K,

    An OT; do think the quakes on New Britian will have any affect on Rabal? I know that they can affect a volcano, but that doesn’t mean they will. I just would like to hear your opinion.

  21. #21 renee
    July 18, 2010

    Any opinions on the Alaska quakes? Relativly close to Cleveland and really strong…

  22. #22 bruce stout
    July 18, 2010

    @ Diane, don’t forget all the other major volcanoes on New Britain, Dakataua for instance (http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0502-04=), that are much closer to the epicenters and worth a look at (that said these quakes are tectonic thrust events and don’t seem to be related to volcanism).

  23. #23 mike don
    July 18, 2010

    Bruce: I recall reading of some research -in that general part of the world- where the authors suggested a correlation between major earthquakes at depth and subsequent eruptions..but even if that applied in this case, and I’m not sure it does, for the same reasons as you, the interval between the two events was on a timescale of many months. I’ll have to look it up..it’s in my “library” (two shelves!)….somewhere

  24. #24 bruce stout
    July 18, 2010

    Mike, sounds tantalizing!! The region has certainly been extremely active. BTW, I’ve since realized Pago is much closer to the epicenters than Dakataua. Both of these volcanoes have had VEI 6 eruptions in the Holocene and are more or less in direct line with the epicenters of these quakes. I wonder how far down the plate boundary the rupture extended. The epicenter of the M7.3 event was at 53 km depth. As a rough guess the plate boundary is probably about 100 km under Pago which lies 40 km to the north of the epicenter.

    To put it really crudely; even if the rupture extended down the boundary to underneath Pago this does not translate into the sudden provision of new melt even though of course the constant subduction of the plate releases a steady supply of volatiles. I guess that a much more critical relationship between large tectonic earthquakes and volcanic activity lies in the mechanics of the conduit and any magma chambers closer to the surface (though I now prefer the term mushy reservoirs after all I learnt about Eyjaf!!), i.e. local faulting and stress relationships in response to the tectonic movement could facilitate or thwart eruptive activity, which I guess is stating the obvious … sorry for the long rant going nowhere ;-)

  25. #25 bruce stout
    July 18, 2010

    pardon, misusing terms. I meant hypocenter and not epicenter.

  26. #26 fbj
    July 18, 2010

    The pictures of Anatahan or Guguan would have been great “mystery volcano photos” :)

  27. #27 Renato Rio
    July 18, 2010

    The European-Mediterranean Seismological Center reported a 6+ earthquake on Russian coast that happened approximately 9 hours ago and was not even mentioned by USGS. How come?

    2010-07-18 13:42:35.8 (9hr 22min ago)
    49.12 N 139.72 E 33 km 6.0 (MAG) KHABAROVSKIY KRAY, RUSSIA

    http://www.emsc-csem.org/#2

  28. #28 Lurking
    July 18, 2010

    @Renato Rio [27]

    Probably the same reason that many SIL reported quakes, even the 3+ ones, don’t make it in there. It’s also the reason that I can’t make any definitive statements about some of the stuff I plot. I don’t know the rhyme or reason for the different data sets.

    Not everyone plays with the same deck of cards.

  29. #29 Lurking
    July 18, 2010

    Re: http://www.emsc-csem.org

    What a novel idea. “Export to CSV” generates a semicolon separated file. Gee, whoda thunk.

    At least it generates an exportable file of some sort, most sites don’t even do that.

  30. #30 Diane N CA
    July 18, 2010

    Bruce #22, just checked a better map and the quakes on New Britian are a bit far from Rabal. I am not familiar with the other volcanoes on the island. Need to do some studying. :-) I know the quake was techtonic/thrust, though if it was strong enough and close enough, I would think it could set off an eruption if one was ready to start or close to it.

    I am not too saavy on the relationship of the depth of the quake and the plate boundary. They were on the island just a few kms from the shoreline (or so it appears) and how far from the plate boundary is that part of the island not only horizontally, but vertically as well? I am curious.

  31. #31 Renato Rio
    July 18, 2010

    #30 @Diane For what I ‘ve been reading from past eruptions, I think there’s enough reason for concern here, even though the EQ’s have a tectonic origin and are not right under the caldera itself. There are two active vents involved (Wikipedia): Tavurvur and Vulcan which had two destructive eruptions in a recent past, just after similar EQs. This is the humble opinion of a non expert. :)

  32. #32 Passerby
    July 18, 2010

    Overlapping coordinated networks have regional ‘authorities and their partners’ that specialize in monitoring and reporting for that region.

    Map of the USGS Global Monitoring Network (US consortium)
    earthquake.usgs.gov/monitoring/gsn/

    The Big Picture is handled through many centralized data collection and notification systems.

    An example list, but not comprehensive:
    fullspectralimaging.net/edms.aspx

    The Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System is one of the best known. GDACS employs JCS, the Asgard automated event collection and dissemination netork.
    http://www.gdacs.org/sources.asp

    You can subscribe to and received RSS alerts for any of the EQ reporting agencies.

    IDEO was a failed attempt; it was meant to monitor seismic signals for the Atmospheric Test Ban Treaty.
    http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~richards/EARTHmat.html

    The US backed out of ratification. The NSF, however, had already started on it own Global Seismic Network under Neal Lane in the 90s and would be integrated into the USGS seismic system under the IRIS program:

    http://geophysics.ou.edu/solid_earth/readings/global_seismograph_network.html

    and by 2008 had exceeded it’s original goals
    geophysics.ou.edu/solid_earth/readings/global_seismograph_network.html

    2009 report on the NSF GSN
    adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.U51C0021B

    Meanwhile, in the 90s, WHOI embarked on an ambitious project to build large seafloor seismic monitoring networks:
    http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/viewArticle.do?id=2388

    to fill the gap in the global sesimic monitoring of the open oceans and coastal environments. We’re talked about this program here, but it was some time ago.

    USGS has sparse station coverage for Europe, by necessity.

  33. #33 EKoh
    July 18, 2010

    @20 Diane,
    Local tectonic quakes would probably not have affect on an eruption, unless things were ready to go. Very large quake, like the 1960 Chile quake redistribute a lot of strain over large area. Although that may not immediately cause an eruption, it has been suggested that it could affect magma deeper in the system. Boris or someone else who works on eruption mechanisms would have a better handle on it.

    @26. I actually gave Erik a picture I took of Sarigan a while back and some one identified it right off the bat!

    Ed Kohut

  34. #34 Lurking
    July 18, 2010

    @Passerby

    Thanks for the info. I just marked it up as a conspiracy. See, at only 33km deep, it’s obviously evidence of the ongoing secret nuke test program disguised to look like a deep seismic event. Granted, 108,267 feet is deeper than the current drilling record… and the ambient temperature is conservatively in the 2012°F (1100°C) range just from the average gradient…

    [Note to all, I'm joking]

    Back to Passerby, I’m not joking about the usefulness of your data. I had always been puzzled about that. Thanks again.

  35. #35 Renato Rio
    July 18, 2010

    #33 @EKoh Thanks a lot for your precious intervention. What I was trying to say about these volcanoes is that, to me, they look pretty much “ready to go”. But this is mere speculation.

    @Passerby: Thank you very much for the links . I didn’t have any idea that there were different coverages on EQs. Not for a 6.0. Very useful explanation, indeed.

  36. #36 Renato Rio
    July 18, 2010

    @Lurking: If that’s the case, I’m curious: who would be running the nuclear program? The Chinese or the Russians? There was a big one in Taiwan a little earlier. Could that explain? ;)

  37. #37 mike lyvers
    July 18, 2010

    There are fairly frequent explosions happening on the Sakurajima webcam right now if anyone is interested. You need to be a little patient to see the flying bombs and ash plumes but the camera often zooms in for some great closeups.

  38. #38 parclair, NoCal USA
    July 18, 2010

    motsfo, are you still reading this? The weather’s cleared enough around Redoubt to see it. It’s still steaming? Has it been steaming since the eruption stopped? I’m thinking that if it’s taking this long to cool down, Eyjaf will be steaming for quite a while.

  39. #39 Passerby
    July 18, 2010

    (you have a) Curious sense of humor, Lurking (did I detect a touch of Raving’s cynicism there?).

    LDEO is still running, but at a more modest scale. The monitoring group has annual meeting and published proceedings, and updates.

    http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/pi/Monitoring/

    Fortuitous use of CNTB treaty monitoring data includes large industrial explosion and major mining accident forensic investigations.

    Happy to provide useful links that provides a bit of background / clarification on various topics here.

  40. #40 renee
    July 19, 2010

    Just as a side note the thoro cam is especially perfect right now…clear good resolution and a nice white plume

  41. #41 Lurking
    July 19, 2010

    Do you happen to know if the seismic network that did the preliminary intercept on the Kurst mishap was plugged into that info share? I thought that was one of the sharper collateral uses of technology at the time. Before that all I had read about was the use of SOSUS data to track whales and eruptions.

    As an aside, recently there was a news report that the mine investigators were still having trouble at the VA mine disaster, and back on the 16th, there was a Mag 3.6. Nothing freaky until you realize that that’s pretty much the same mountain range and that it’s still experiencing quite a bit of stress… squeezing the rocks. The day before the mine incident there had been a quake about 45 to 60 miles north of the mine. Not that it caused it, but it demonstrated that the rocks were under stress. My guess is that this enhanced the movement of gases in the rock structures.

    As for Raving’s cynicism. I have my own people to doubt and axes to grind. None of them reside on this blog. On one hand, I’m hoping for a light schedule next week so I can play with more plots, on the other, I never turn down work. Even if it’s driving 240 miles round trip to change a 2 cent fuse. I was a bit shocked at that one.

  42. #42 Lurking
    July 19, 2010

    @EKoh

    Thank you for your informative posts.

    You mentioned that Pagan has sector collapse but that it reside underwater. Are the mechanics of that pretty much the same as the St. Helens event? I would think that the density of the water / buoyancy would impart different critical angles (angle of repose) for the slope, but I may be wrong.

  43. #43 bruce stout
    July 19, 2010

    @ Diane, you and me are in the same boat here, trying to understand the interaction between seismic events and local volcanoes. The things I learnt this week (thanks EKoh!) were that the volcanic front tends to occur along the line marked out by where the subducting slab reaches a depth of somewhere between 80 to 120 km, so you can pretty well assume that the plate boundary has reached this depth where you see a line of volcanoes. If you couple this knowledge with the charts of historic seismicity from USGS you can get a rough handle on the plate boundary.

    BTW, I don’t know if you’ve discovered this page on slab models at USGS. It’s fantastic:
    http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/data/slab/

    And if you want some juicy research into imaging plate boundaries in terms of their relevance for volcanism this work on New Zealand got me really excited a few years ago (check out the pdfs for excellent summaries)
    http://www.gns.cri.nz/research/tectonics/subduction.html

  44. #44 Lurking
    July 19, 2010

    @Passerby

    ##$@@$%… you point at some of the most distracting stuff.

    While poking around the http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu site, I ran across a link to NE US events from March 2009 till July 2010. Well, I had to plot them. Interesting plot. And, it has a quake stack. I never expected to find one in the NE US.

    i28.tinypic.com/25hzhhz.png

    Slewing up to an overhead view, it appears to be next to Albany NY.

    i30.tinypic.com/2s01g1w.png

    Not having an explanation… I dug around for some sort of clue. A Magnetic Anomaly chart of that region. (derived from overlaying a segment of pubs.usgs.gov/sm/mag_map/mag_s.pdf on Google Earth)

    You can see the Ramapo fault arcing up through New Jersey, but it’s not on that structure, so I don’t know what it is. This whole region is a collection of squashed volcanic arcs/islands that have been accreted onto North America, uplifted, eroded, shaved off rifted, glaciated…. you name it. Why there would be a near vertical quake stack there is beyond me.

    On Google Earth, it’s a gentle valley next to a hill. Maybe with a cow or two hanging out for good measure.

    Anyone have any ideas?

  45. #45 Lurking
    July 19, 2010

    Err, forgot the link to the Mag Anomaly map.

    http://i32.tinypic.com/33c7mgz.png

  46. #46 Carl, Mining
    July 19, 2010

    @Lurking:
    It is amazing how much quakes a large mine can produce.
    Since I live “close” (relatively speaking) to the worlds 2 largest pit-mines I have a fair knowledge about the level of seismic events they produce.

    The Kirunavaara mine regularly produces quakes between 1 and 3,5. The principles on mountain stress is fairly well known. The only thing people are waiting for now is when they will have to let the former mountain rest.
    With a new 1300+ meter level in the making it will sooner or later become interesting times. As you all of course know the mountain stress increases with depth of the mine. And pretty much it is unknown territory since no one has ever operated a mine at that depth and with the enormous speed of iron ore blasted out of the ground from that depth.

    http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirunavaara

    http://www.lkab.com

  47. #47 Lurking
    July 19, 2010

    @Carl, Mining

    What sort of geological event caused such a large high concentration of iron ore? In the wilds of Russia’s mining region are the Siberian Traps, and in a sector of Canada rich in copper, there was an impact event whose crater melt concentrated the ore. Was this just mountain building?

  48. #48 Passerby
    July 19, 2010

    @41:
    Hunting Hilltowns earthquakes (April 29, 2010)
    http://www.timesunion.com/ASPStories/story.asp?StoryID=926208

    Seismologists studying this activity are from LDEO
    (Columbia University’s Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory)

    The article says: local fault system that originates near Lake George.

    Geology of the Lake George/Adirondaks
    http://www.lakegeorgeassociation.org/html/geology.htm

    Do not know if LDEO was plugged into the 2000 Kursk OSCAR-2 submarine disaster investigation, but presume so indirectly, as the initial explosion caused ~6-7 torpedo warheads to ignite, causing the fatal secondary ruptures that sank the vessel.

  49. #49 Henrik, Swe
    July 19, 2010

    @Lurking #47 http://epubl.luth.se/1404-5494/2005/46/LTU-HIP-EX-0546-SE.pdf gives the following explanation (2.1 Geology):

    The ferro-apatite iron ore body is about 1,900 million years old and the area is part of the Sveco-Karelian Orogen Complex. The body, some 4km long by 80-90 m width on average and more than 1½ km deep (indications are it runs to a depth in excess of 2 km), is angled at 65-70 degrees towards the east. On one side, the surrounding rock consists of thrachy-andesitic vulcanites, mostly lavas. On the other, rhyo-dacite, often pyroclastic in nature.

    The genesis is thought to be either magmatic or hydrothermal. The characterisitics of the ore body itself, texture and geochemistry, indicate a magmatic origin.

    It is also the largest homogenous body of Iron ore currently known. Apologies for errors in translation, due to my lack of petrological schooling.

  50. #50 Diane N CA
    July 19, 2010

    Dr K #33, thank you for answering my question. I figured that was the case. There seems to be the thought that if a quake occurs within a certain distance from a volcano, there will be an eruption or the quake will affect it for a later time. I guess it just depends on the magnitude, location, depth, and whether a volcano in the area is ready to go anyway. Thank you again for an interesting presentation on the Marianas.

  51. #51 Diane N CA
    July 19, 2010

    Bruce #43, thank you so much for those links. I saved them in my favorites and I will be doing some reading. I had no idea there was a page from the USGS on subduction zones. The maps will help me see what is going on and the link to the study will be a help in understanding this stuff.

    I wish I had taken more geology!!

  52. #52 Renato Rio
    July 19, 2010

    Þórólfsfell cam is showing a vigorous steam plume, but not so white.
    BTW What happened to Múlakot cams?

  53. #53 Jen
    July 19, 2010

    A stack of earthquakes in Long Valley now. All right on top of each other, inside the caldera just to the West of Lake Crowley. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsus/Maps/special/Long_Valley_eqs.php

  54. #54 Jen
    July 19, 2010

    Look at the Mammoth Lakes seismograph:
    http://earthquake.usgs.gov/monitoring/helicorders/nca/94/latest/

  55. #55 Passerby
    July 19, 2010

    >What happened to Múlakot cams?

    *sigh* Webcam access was cut-off, after we crashed their server yet again last week. I think they got fed up with us, but there may be other reasons. Mulakot was a serendipitous view, never intended to support volcano monitoring from a globally distributed audience.

  56. #56 parclair NoCal USA
    July 19, 2010

    I’m not positive, but the steam seems to going down the hill following the old lava path–

  57. #57 parclair NoCal USA
    July 19, 2010

    Jen– thanks for the heads up. I was thinking about going to Lava Beds Nat Monumnet next month, but perhaps long valley will be a little more interesting. :-)

  58. #58 parclair NoCal USA
    July 19, 2010

    Yeah, on thorolscam it looks like there may have been a lake breach.

  59. #59 Kultsi, Askola, FI
    July 19, 2010

    @Renato –
    The steaming is, indeed, vigorous – new water from the glacier; how and how much, I cannot say.

    Yes, Múlakot webcams are off limits; they tightened the server access, which is a good move, securitywise: giving all the world access to your security camera views is not a good thing. At the moment there is only one view available and it sure does not point towards Eyjafjallajökull. The other cams might be available as well, but I’ve limited my hacking to just a direct view of that one feed’s picture.

  60. #60 Kultsi, Askola, FI
    July 19, 2010

    @parclair [56] -
    You are right, only it’s water that goes down the lava trench and the still-hot lava boils it away.

    The reason for the steam being dark is heavy cloud cover.

  61. #61 Carl on Mines
    July 19, 2010

    @Lurking:

    Kirunafälten and Malmfälten Ironore fields are the largest and second largest iron ore-fields in the world.

    The Kirunavaara-mine was from the beginning an 852 metre high mountain, today the mountain is gone and after a brief period of open pit mining they went down below, today they are preparing to start a level at 1350 metres below ground level.

    Both the towns of Kiruna and Malmberget is being moved because of the risk of collaps is so large from the respective mines. The name of Malmberget mine is Kaptensgruvan (Captain’s mine). The Captain’s Hole is the worlds largest fault sink pit created by a blocking subsurface mine.

    These 2 ore-fields (and a number of other ore-fields in the neighbourhood not being mined yet) was created 1,9 million years ago due to volcanic activity. Odd composition of the lava since the ore is above 50%FE, rich in phosphor and low on silicates and highly magnetitic.

    The Kiruna-ore is a slanted slab 4km wide, 80m thick and confirmed to be 2 kilometres deep. No bottom is known to exist for it, and general assumption is that it continues pretty much continuously downwards without interuption. The geologists believe that the ore-body widens into a magma chamber at between 2 and 3 kilometres depth and some new bore-holes seem to validate this assumption. The chemical composition is the same for all of the known ore-bodies except the Luossavaara-ore. So most geologist believe that the known ore-fields join up deep down into one supermassive ore-body large enough to fill the entire planets need of iron ore for thousands of years.

    If you ever want to see a mine… Go there, everything is one such a stumpingly min-boggling scale that the entire mind just go “Duh!”

    Did I say that the mines are almost entirely automatic and run from above ground?
    Of course this is the home of the rather famous Swedish Steel(TM) ;)

  62. #62 Carl
    July 19, 2010

    Sorry all for the redundant posting above, I missed that the other resident swede had answered upon our little national pride;)
    He even bothered to get a source and I just used my tired old head and the memory of the geological reports I’ve read on the subject.
    My interest in the mines are the unusually high tectonic activity.

  63. #63 Henrik, Swe
    July 19, 2010

    Carl, (Intl Mines Inc etc, etc), definitely not redundant but rather, complementary, with lots of added and very interesting information. Heder!

  64. #64 Lurking
    July 19, 2010

    Very true. The magma chamber referenced in post [61], is that as in “old” magma chamber? I doubt that anyone would even attempt to mine an active one. At a temp gradient of 1°C/30m that places the 3Km depth right at boiling. (I know the gradient varies depending on geology, this is just an eyeball guess)

    Speaking of which… I have always wondered what an authoritative value is for the crust’s average temperature gradient. The one I used is just some “thing” that ran across on the Internet while trying to debunk a “secret underground base” thread on another site. (BTW Passerby, that’s where I came up with that idea) My logic was that it couldn’t stay secret for very flippin’ long with the amount of thermal energy that they would have to get rid of… no matter how advanced of a magical cooling system that they used. I think the gradient that I used was based on accounts of a silver mine out West.

    I took a look at that mine in Google Earth and see that (at the time of the imagery) that it was mainly a trench cut through where the mountain was at. But if you make an assumption of a cone 852 meters high and 1000 meters across, then an inverted cone 1350 deep, that works out to about 6.9 billion metric tones if the rock has the density of basalt.

    Now that’s a lot of dirt. Has there been a noticeable change in seismically?

  65. #65 Lurking
    July 19, 2010

    Gaffed by auto correct yet again.

    *sigh…. “seismicity”

  66. #66 Thomas Wipf
    July 19, 2010

    Wow Erik, this is a great volcano-mystery photo. Really difficult with many traps. I still think it could be Piton de la Fournaise, but this ist whishful-thinking. But I don´t think it is Surtsey (no bamboo there). I compares fotos of Katia and Maurice Krafft and she had definetely little jug ears. And the hair of the guy in the middle could be Maurice Krafft because of the curly hair. I know they have been at the eruption at Heimaey but not at Surtsey. So it could be Eldfell, but I have never seen such a cone there. So if it is Katia and Maurice there, it could only be Piton de la Fournaise (which would have the nice side-effect, that I would habe win my first Volcano-Mystery contest) or Hawaii. Unfortunately there are also people form Island with jug ears, so I´m afraid Boris Behncke could be right!

  67. #67 Carl in the Night
    July 19, 2010

    @Lurking in 64:

    Yes that would be a 1,9 million year old magma chamber, if it really is a magma chamber there. It is still just a theory partly validated by one drilling. But it looks good. If I am correct it would be the first old magma chamber that was mined.

    The gradient is lower in the Scandian mountains. Way lower. If I remember correctly the temperature at 1050 meters is 22 degres celcius with ambient rock temperature ten meters below surface being at 4… Would be around 1 degree per 75 meters.

    The density is higher for iron ore than for basalt. The weight is 4.9 to 5.2 grams per kubic centimetre, basalt is 3. Generally the other stone around it is mostly granite.

    The weight in ore (not counting grey-stone) hoisted out of the defunct mountain is actually 3.043.000.000 ton. The “mountain” you see on google earth is not the mountain, it is stapled grey-stone (mostly granite).

    There has been a tremendous change. From pretty much seismically stable to daily seismic events ranging from 1 – 3.5. They thing the seismic event when the lake is going to fall down into the mine might exceed 5. And yes, they are prepared for a rather big lake falling down.

  68. #68 Renato Rio
    July 19, 2010

    #60 @Kultsi, Hyvää iltapäivää ja kiitos!

  69. #69 Renato Rio
    July 19, 2010

    #66 @Thomas: I’ve just copied and pasted your post to the other thread. Hope you’re luky, my friend…

  70. #70 Renato Rio
    July 19, 2010

    #37 @myke livers I’ve been watching at times Sakurajima webcams and I was lucky to see one small explosion. There are various cameras in the website, would you suggest one providing a better view? It takes a loong time to complete the buffering.

    http://kagoshima-live.com/en/sakurajima.html

  71. #71 Renato Rio
    July 19, 2010

    #70 @mike lyvers. My bad. :)

  72. #72 Passerby
    July 19, 2010

    @41 (again): see answer, 48. I presume you were looking for a probable seismicity source.

  73. #73 santarosarita
    July 19, 2010

    @70 – try this link for the Japanese volcano. If the weather is good, you’ll see some great roiling clouds of ash. http://tinyurl.com/23s47nv

  74. #74 Renato Rio
    July 19, 2010

    #73 @santarosarita: Thank you very much for the link. Works great for me!

  75. #75 Lurking
    July 19, 2010

    Yeah I uh… read 48. What about it?

  76. #76 Lurking
    July 19, 2010

    Alright… another question comes to mind. I realize that the relative density of the oceanic crust is responsible for the it loosing out and becoming subducted in a convergence zone verses continental crust. I have also read that the Farallon plate made a shallow dive as it passed under North America. While poking around at the Aleutians quakes, I noted that the dip/dive angle seems a bit steep… the same for the Marianas. Is the dive angle a function of just how old (and dense) the oceanic crust happens to be, or is there another mechanism that decides that?

  77. #77 mike lyvers
    July 19, 2010

    This one is the best Sakurajima webcam and it is erupting right now: http://webcam-svo2.pr.kyoto-u.ac.jp/local/camera.html

  78. #78 mike lyvers
    July 19, 2010

    PS I had a quick look at it last night and saw quite a spray of glowing bombs!

  79. #79 Renato Rio
    July 19, 2010

    @Mike, thank you very much for the link. It’s easy to understand why there are so many cameras aimed at this spectacular volcano (not talking about who’s sponsoring them) ;)
    I’ll wait till it gets dark to watch the show.

  80. #80 MadScientist
    July 20, 2010

    The tuna fishing on the reefs near Saipan is excellent. If you’re the sort who like deep sea fish like marlin, you can catch ‘em around there too. My colleagues observe the volcano(es) while I devour the fishies – occasionally they manage to drag me away from the table and get me to do some work.

  81. #81 EKoh
    July 20, 2010

    @76 Lurking,
    that’s exactly the current thinking. The older the crust, the cooler and more dense it becomes. Young hot crust, such as you get in Cascadia, is more buoyant and has more difficulty.

  82. #82 mike don
    July 20, 2010

    EKoh 81: so presumably that’s why (from your diagram in Part 1) the Jurassic-age oceanic crust of one plate was subducted below the younger Eocene oceanic crust of the other? Or are there other factors at work?

  83. #83 Renato Rio
    July 20, 2010

    #27 #28 @Lurking: KHABAROVSKIY KRAY, RUSSIA EQ has been removed from EMSC. No traces, no explanation. (???)

  84. #84 Lurking
    July 20, 2010

    Hmm… three possibilities.

    1) Analysis of the waveform showed that it was an intercept of a different quake form somewhere else or noise, such as can be found from a bolide exploding (simultaneous intercepts on multiple seismos)

    or

    2) Super-Secret underground testing, ignored by other countries since they don’t want the hassle or the political problems involved in dealing with it

    or

    3) Aliens.

    I vote for #1.

  85. #85 Renato Rio
    July 20, 2010

    #84 Very interesting, indeed. Seismicity has been very high over the last days. Waves are getting interlaced, seismographs go bamboozled. I only think it’s weird considering a mag. 6 quake. And it stayed there for almost 24 hours until they noticed. OK. There have been no after shocks after this one, so probably just a misinterpretation of the signals.

  86. #86 Lurking
    July 20, 2010

    @85

    Well, there was an event not too long ago that put a tsunami alert out for Florida and the East coast from a MASSIVE quake in or around Hispaniola. Turns out it was some one doing tests on some reporting equipment and the auto alert portion of it did what it was supposed to. But there was no quake.

    It’s not like some idiot held an electric razor up to the underwater microphone while their ship was steaming in formation…

    (from what I understand, it sounds just like a torpedo… which explains why everybody broke formation at the same time)

  87. #87 Renato Rio
    July 20, 2010

    #86 Yes, I remember that one. A 8+ in Dominican Republic, but it was quickly deleted. But this one… humm… a torpedo… that sounds quite possible… like on the edge of a bowling lane :)

  88. #88 Renato Rio
    July 20, 2010

    And there was another shallow 2.0 at Básar… maybe an UFO colliding with the glacier. :)

  89. #89 Lurking
    July 20, 2010

    @Renato Rio [86]

    Ooops… I forgot, there is a 4th possibility.

    Graboids.

    http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0100814/

  90. #90 Renato Rio
    July 21, 2010

    #89 Graboids! Could never have imagined… :)

  91. #91 Carl
    July 21, 2010

    @Lurking:

    I loved the documentary TV-series on the Graboids:)

  92. #92 tütüne son
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