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Highly Allochthonous

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You're not missing much Chris Rowan is a geologist specialising in the dark arts of paleomagnetism, and getting people to pay him to travel to exotic destinations for fieldwork. Having drilled up New Zealand during his PhD, he is now a post-doc at the University of Johannesburg.

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« Six things I have learnt from my Namibian fieldwork | Main | Namibia: Precambrian fossils »

Journey to the bottom of the Cambrian

Category: fieldworkgeology
Posted on: June 19, 2007 8:55 AM, by Chris Rowan

The picture below contains a very important boundary.

Cambrian_boundary.jpg

The boundary itself should be quite easy to spot, because Namibia is a country where the 'remote sensing' engaged in by lazy mapping students the world over might actually work properly; the contact between the more massively bedded white/yellow limestones on the left and the darker, thinly bedded shales on the right is almost 100% exposed. If we draw in the contact and a few representative beds (the dotted lines), we can see that it is not completely planar - there is a clear step about 2/3 of the way across the picture, against which shale beds are abruptly terminated against the limestone. This, and the appearance of some much stratigraphically lower shale beds in the foreground, is evidence of a slight uncomformity - the shale is filling in topography created by a period of erosion after deposition of the limestone beds.

Camb_bound_interp.jpg

Over the other side of the hill, this uncomformity is even more obvious:

Camb_bound_interp2.jpg

You wouldn't drive all the way into the wilds of Namibia just to visit a minor erosional boundary, so why is this particular one so important? Both the limestones and the shales are part of the Nama Group, a sequence of limestones, sandstones and shales which were deposited between 500 and 600 million years ago, and one of the best records we have of the boundary between the Neoproterozoic and the Cambrian, and the emergence of animal life as we know it. Radiometric dating of an ash near the top of the limestone unit gives a date of 543.3 ± 1 million years, whilst an ash near the base of the shales gives an age of 539.4 ± 1 million years. The official age for the base of the Cambrian is 542 million years, so the boundary between the two units can essentially be treated as the base of the Cambrian, providing all sorts of opportunities for sad obsessives to attempt to pose dramatically.

Chris_Camb_bound.jpg

The one fly in the ointment is the erosional nature of the contact - obviously there's some missing time there, possibly as much as 5 million years, and it's entirely possible that there are no 542 million year-old sediments preserved. However, that's only a real problem if your notion of the 'Cambrian Explosion' is culled from creationist tracts, rather than reality. As the figure below, culled from one of my favourite ever Pharyngula posts, illustrates, the changes in the fossil record across the Cambrian boundary are gradual, as organisms slowly became larger, started producing biomineralised shells, and began to exploit ecological niches above and below the sediment surface.

cambrian_timeline.gif

The boundary itself, defined as the first appearance of a particular type of burrow, is just an arbitrary line drawn somewhere in the midst of this sequence of evolutionary changes. So, if (like my companions on this fieldtrip) you're interested in the shifts in ocean chemistry or the configuration of the continents which accompanied the Cambrian radiation, the Nama Group represents an excellent record: it covers most of the relevant time period, has high deposition rates (it was deposited in a foreland basin associated with an episode of mountain building), and is itself relatively undeformed.

It does make the poser photo harder to justify, though.

Comments

Cool stuff! The 'big' boundaries out there are always an interesting topic to ponder.


"You wouldn't drive all the way into the wilds of Namibia just to visit a minor erosional boundary"

A sedimentologist would!

Posted by: Brian | June 19, 2007 11:27 AM

Very cool trip, and great pics! Keep 'em coming.

Posted by: ctenotrish, FCD | June 19, 2007 11:44 AM

I'm sure that in most geologist's photo files are pictures some one has shot of them astride an important contact.

You could run this as a photo contest, Chris: Geologists! Show us your contacts!

Posted by: NJ | June 19, 2007 11:57 AM

Tremendous post, enviable trip. The pic has got to be a winner in the geologist-trying-to-look-most-like-Quentin- Tarantino category.

Posted by: Peter McGrath | June 19, 2007 1:13 PM

re Peter's comment above ... HA! Yes, totally. I didn't notice that before.

Posted by: Brian | June 19, 2007 1:42 PM

Lots of biologists seem to think that the Cambrian explosion was some sort of major landmark, too. I blame Stephen Jay Gould.

Would you give me any argument if I thought that calcium carbonate shells weren't really energetically feasible in the pre-Cambrian, and so critters were harder to fossilise?

Posted by: Chris | June 19, 2007 7:00 PM

geologist-trying-to-look-most-like-Quentin- Tarantino category

Reservoir Trilobites?

Posted by: NJ | June 19, 2007 8:24 PM

Chris - that's pretty much what one of the guys I was out there with was collecting samples to test, as far as I understand it.

NJ - that competition is not a bad idea...

Posted by: Chris Rowan | June 20, 2007 2:54 AM

How magnetic is that crud, anyhow?

Posted by: Harold Asmis | June 20, 2007 7:52 AM

If you're talking about the carbonates - probably not very, although we have some pretty darn sensitive magnetometers nowadays. There were those volcanic ashes too, though...

Posted by: Chris Rowan | June 20, 2007 10:22 AM

Do the ashes have zircon?

As for the fossils, make sure you don't publish the GPS loc. All of the fossils in the Ediacarian type locale have been jackhammered away since the designation as a national park and the invention of the GPS...

Posted by: Lab Lemming | June 21, 2007 10:28 PM

The ages are from U-Pb dating of zircons from the ashes - see Grotzinger et al. (1995).

And yes, I think 'Namibia' is about all I'm going to say about the location of the fossils...

Posted by: Chris Rowan | June 22, 2007 3:31 AM

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