Throughout the day, our skins are constantly sending out messages that we are completely oblivious to. The message is written in chemical form and it says, "Here I am. Come and get me". We neither see nor hear these signals but other creatures do, and they slither, crawl and swim our way in response.
These creatures are nematodes, a group of worms that are some of the most common animals on the planet. The vast majority of nematode species are parasites, and hundreds of species count humans among their potential hosts. In the developing countries of the tropics and sub-tropics, parasitic nematodes pose a major health problem, causing illness, stunted physical and mental development, anaemia and more. Just two species, the hookworms Ancylostoma duodenale and Nector americanus, infect over 600 million people around the world
Unlike bacteria or viruses, nematodes actively seek out their hosts, rather than waiting to be transferred by water, a sneeze or a bite. Unfortunately, we know very little about how these parasites track down their victims, which gives us few options for preventing infections.
This may be because they are a relatively minor problem in the world's affluent nations. But mostly, our lack of knowledge reflects how difficult it is to study these animals. Human experiments are out of the question, and animal tests are largely impossible since most human nematodes do not equally infect other species.
The threadworm Strongyloides stercoralis is an exception. It can be relatively easily raised in laboratory conditions and also affect primates and dogs. Daniel Safer and colleagues from the University of Pennsylvania have exploited these traits to work out how this species finds a potential victim.
Safer found extracts prepared from the skins of host animals, like dogs and gerbils, had a magnetic attraction for Strongyloides, drawing the worms from distances many times greater than their own body length. Extracts prepared from non-host species, like cats had no effect.
By separating the chemicals in these extracts into more and more specific fractions, Safer eventually identified the substance that was attracting the worms - urocanic acid.
Urocanic acid is found in animal skin where it acts as a natural sunscreen. But it is most common on the sole of the foot, where levels can be five to ten times higher than other body parts. Each of our footsteps creates a trail of this acid that leads the soil-dwelling Strongyloides to the part of our body closest to the ground.
This acid is not the only substance that attracts Strongyloides. Temperatures within those of mammalian bodies summon them too, as do the high carbon dioxide levels in the air we exhale. But while we cannot control our body heat or the gases we breathe out, we can do something about urocanic acid.
Urocanic acid sticks to metal ions, and Safer reasoned that this could be a way of stopping the parasites from tracking it. Sure enough, adding manganese, calcium or magnesium successfully hid otherwise attractive extracts from the sniffing worms.
This is encouraging news. It means that applying creams containing these metals to vulnerable body parts like feet, could provide a cheap and practical way of preventing Strongyloides infection.
Foiling this species along would have great implications for global health, and doing so cheaply and easily would be ideal for the developing countries where the worms pose the greatest threat. Currently, over 300 million people are infected every year. Strongyloides can cause anaemia, but in people with weakened immune systems, the worms can breed to a point where they become fatal.
Drugs can kill the adult worms, but do nothing against the scores of larvae that travel through infected bodies. Preventing infection is best option. Safer's work provides hope for a breakthrough, and for finding molecules that other parasites use to track their hosts
Reference: D. Safer, M. Brenes, S. Dunipace, G. Schad (2007). From the Cover: Urocanic acid is a major chemoattractant for the skin-penetrating parasitic nematode Strongyloides stercoralis Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104 (5), 1627-1630 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610193104
Medicine & Health
Life Science
Comments
Interesting post - Thanks.
A couple of unanswered questions pop out. A quick and shallow googling of urocanic acid reveals frequent mentions of its sunscreen properties, but no hints of other functions. So, why is a _sunscreen_ most concentrated on the _sole_ of the foot, where it has no utility? Actually, it's worse than useless there because it attracts nasty parasites, so you'd think that pouring out urocanic acid down there would be removed by natural selection unless there's some strong reason for it to be on the sole of your foot. What is it?
Also, since this acid is common in mammal skin, it could explain why a parasite's attraction is mammal specific. But the parasites are described as _species_ specific, not merely class specific. So, does urocanic acid really explain the parasite's preference for certain species rather than just mammals in general?
Posted by: emoryk | October 9, 2008 1:02 PM
Good thinkin' there, emoryk. You've raised my curiosity several notches, thanks. rb
Posted by: arby | October 9, 2008 4:20 PM
If a microscopic spore can invade an ants body,travel to a precise area of said ants brain and alter its behavior so that it will contrary to itsinsticts climb to several metres up a tree.There is a slight chance that mexicans could be encouraged to dance on their hats
Posted by: david reid | October 17, 2008 11:07 AM
How do shoes/sandals affect the distribution of the urocanic acid? Would magnesium sandals be the most effective prevention for hookwork infestation? ;)
Posted by: Joshua | November 10, 2008 5:11 PM