Even extinction and the passing of millennia are no barriers to clever geneticists. In the past few years, scientists have managed to sequence the complete genome of a prehistoric human and produced "first drafts" of the mammoth and Neanderthal genomes. More controversially, some groups have even recovered DNA from dinosaurs. Now, a variety of extinct birds join the ancient DNA club including the largest that ever lived - Aepyornis, the elephant bird.
In a first for palaeontology, Charlotte Oskam from Murdoch University, Perth, extracted DNA from 18 fossil eggshells, either directly excavated or taken from museum collections. Some came from long-deceased members of living species including the emu, an owl and a duck. Others belonged to extinct species including Madagascar's 3-metre tall elephant bird and the giants moas of New Zealand. A few of these specimens are just a few centuries old, but the oldest came from an emu that lived 19,000 years ago.
It turns out that bird eggshells are an excellent source of ancient DNA. They're made of a protein matrix that is loaded with DNA and surrounded by crystals of calcium carbonate. The structure shelters the DNA and acts as a barrier to oxygen and water, two of the major contributors to DNA damage. Eggshells also stop microbes from growing and it seems that ancient ones still do the same. Oskam found that the fossil shells had around 125 times less bacterial DNA than bones of the same species did.
This is important - bacteria are a major problem for attempts to extract ancient DNA and they force scientists to search for uncontaminated sources, like frozen hair. Eggshells, it seems, provide similarly bacteria-free samples. Still, Oskam's team took every precaution to prevent contamination. They used clean rooms and many control samples. Many of their sequences, like those of Aepyornis, were checked by two independent laboratories.
The Aepyornis sequences are particularly encouraging because many scientists have previously tried to extract DNA from the bones of this giant and failed. Eggshells seem like a more promising source and it certainly helps that the eggs of many of these giant species were massive and thick. But Oskam did also recover DNA from a fossil duck egg, which suggests that it should be possible to sequence the genes of even small extinct birds, like the dodo.
So far, the team have proved that they can extract the DNA. It's what they do with it that counts. It's worth remembering that fossil eggshells have already helped palaeontologists to date the remains of ancient birds, and reconstruct their diets and lifestyles. Some even clue us into the artistic traditions of our own ancestors.
Oskam is now analysing around 400 pieces from sites around New Zealand to understand how humans interacted with the moas and how our zealous hunting drove them to extinction. There were several different species of moa that are difficult to tell apart - egg DNA could help Oskam to do just that. The same technique could be used to study the last days of other extinct birds with interesting evolutionary histories, including the great auk, Haast's eagle and that poster child for extinction, the dodo.
Mike Bunce, who led the study, is keen to try and release ancient DNA from eggshells all around the world. "Given frozen environments preserve DNA 'better', we are very keen to examine any eggshell finds from 'old' sediments, such as seabird nesting sites, in the Arctic and Antarctic," he says. And the door should now be open for other researchers to do the same. After all, in finding out how to extract DNA from eggshells, Oskam tested a variety of methods to develop the most efficient possible protocol.
Still, it's clear that the technique has limitations. Oskam tried to extract DNA from the 50,000-year-old shell of Genyornis, a giant Australian bird that lived in a very hot climate. She failed. And as Bunce clearly stresses, "This is not a technique that is applicable to fossil dinosaur eggs."
Update: That hasn't stopped the idiotic headline writers to London's Metro newspaper from claiming that "Jurassic Park has just taken a giant T-Rex-sized step toward becoming reality after ancient DNA from long-extinct creatures was successfully extracted." Amusingly, the claim that dinsoaur DNA has been rebuilt is technically true given that birds are living dinosaurs. And if the subeditor who wrote the headline and standfirst and chose the picture actually knew that, I'd be surprised.
Reference: Oskam, C., Haile, J., McLay, E., Rigby, P., Allentoft, M., Olsen, M., Bengtsson, C., Miller, G., Schwenninger, J., Jacomb, C., Walter, R., Baynes, A., Dortch, J., Parker-Pearson, M., Gilbert, M., Holdaway, R., Willerslev, E., & Bunce, M. (2010). Fossil avian eggshell preserves ancient DNA Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.2019
More on ancient DNA:
- Dinosaur proteins, cells and blood vessels recovered from Bracyhlophosaurus
- Sequencing a mammoth genome
- Meet Inuk - full genome of ancient human tells us about his hair, eyes, skin, teeth, ancestry and earwax
Life Science
Comments
Can this technique actually be used on non-avian dinosaur eggs? I don't see why not but a confirmation would help.
Posted by: Eric | March 9, 2010 7:23 PM
Helps to finish reading the article ;-)
Posted by: Ed Yong | March 9, 2010 7:27 PM
Yes Ed, but the why wasn't given so I'll give it.
Dinosaur eggs had more leathery shells much like living reptiles & the original shells are fossilized rather than containing their original materials.
Posted by: Rob Jase | March 9, 2010 7:49 PM
Very cool,
I think the moa are now more studied than many of our extant birds!
It's a shame they couldn't get the Genyornis shell to go, we might have got proof that the dromornithids really were Demon Ducks of Doom
Posted by: david winter | March 9, 2010 8:26 PM
Who is Bunce?
Posted by: Cameron Turner | March 9, 2010 9:54 PM
Not all birds are living dinosaurs. Some are extinct dinosaurs. Or, were extinct dinosaurs. Or, er, something. Isn't that your ringtone?
Posted by: Nathan Myers | March 10, 2010 12:08 AM
Also worth pointing out that elephant birds went extinct about 1000 years ago whereas dinosaurs went extinct tens of millions of years ago. Apparently the Metro writer has no idea what "several orders of magnitude" means. However, given Mary Schweitzer's findings of proteins and cells I still wouldn't bet money that finding dinosaur DNA (albeit far too fragmented for Michael Crichton) is completely impossible.
Bird eggs are immensely cool and marvellous things. Sad to say my only lab experience with them has been using them to grow viruses in. Some day I'd like to raise pet chickens.
Posted by: Hwa Shi-Hsia | March 10, 2010 1:37 AM
From your article, it's not clear to me whether they just extracted DNA, or really sequenced it. If the DNA was sequenced, does the article mention how much and what type of DNA was sequenced? Are we talking about the mitochondrial DNA, some genes or a really large chunk of the genome?
I'm asking as it is important for how information we can derive from this 'paleo-sequences'. I'm curious as to how it compares to other sequencing project (like the neanderthal genome project, which is largely based on DNA derived from femur bones).
Posted by: Lucas | March 10, 2010 2:26 AM
Please allow me to second Cameron's question. Who's Bunce?
The link isn't working, just as you predicted, Ed, so I'm guessing that Bunce may be a coauthor.
Posted by: Pete Moulton | March 10, 2010 5:02 AM
Oops. Yes, Bunce is the final author. I've added a clarifying clause to explain his mysterious appearance at the end of the article. Sorry for the confusion.
Shi-Hsia - I actually asked Mary Schweitzer for a comment on this, but she hasn't got back to me yet.
Posted by: Ed Yong | March 10, 2010 5:21 AM
Fantastic!
I wonder what will the analysis discover.
Posted by: DNA | March 10, 2010 12:24 PM