Keck AO Observations: Multiple Asteroid Systems

krandall — Fri, 30 Jul 2010 11:09:22 +0000

By Dr. Franck Marchis
Planetary Astronomer at the Carl Sagan Center for the Study of Life in the Universe, SETI Institute

I mentioned in my previous post that we observed several known multiple asteroid systems during our last observing run with the W.M. Keck Observatory and its Adaptive Optics Systems. If you have been following my personal blogs and/or the scientific articles of our group (you are courageous...) you know this is the scientific topic which is taking most of my time recently. Today, as you can see if you explore our VOBAD database, we know 192 companions of asteroids. What I meant by "we know" is that one group announced to have discovered one or several satellites using techniques such as:

lightcurve measurements (44% of them) for which we detect mutual events (eclipse/occulation between components) or multi-frequency variations (due to the asynchronous spin of the components)
radar observations (12%). We detect the echo of a radar-wave which bounces on the components of the system when it is close to Earth (mostly limited to NEAs)
high angular resolution direct imaging using the Hubble Space Telescope (28%) or adaptive optics on 8-10m class telescopes (16%)

My group is essentially using Adaptive Optics (AO) technique to search for new multiple asteroid systems. We also monitor them to derive the orbital elements, the mass of the system, the size and shapes of the components, an estimate of their ages, surface composition and so on. The goal of this study is to uncover clues concerning the formation and evolution of these mini-planetary systems.

During our last run, we observed several known multiple asteroid systems. My colleague, Pascal Descamps from the IMCCE, used our processed data to compare these observations with the shape predicted with our orbital models.

Let's start with (90) Antiope, a doublet binary system (Type-2 based in our VOBAD nomenclature), made of two ellipsoidal components with an average diameter of 91 km and 86 km, orbiting at ~171 km around their center of mass in 16.5 h. Its bulk density is quite low, estimated to 1.3 g/cc, implying an rubble pile interior or an internal composition saturated with water ice.

As you can see the observed position of the two components (left) is in excellent agreement with our orbital model (right). The model shows a large 68-km bowl-shaped crater on one of the components that was introduced to better fit the lightcurves observed in 2007. Unfortunately, we can't resolve it using the W.M. Keck II telescope so we will need an image from a 30m-class telescope or a space mission to be able to confirm its genuineness. We think that this system is one of the most primitive binary asteroid which is the result of the catastrophic disruption of a large 450 km asteroid which happened 2.5 Byrs. It is still unclear how it became a doublet asteroid, it may have split due to fission after an oblique impact on one of the components (hence the large crater), but simulations are needed to confirm this scenario.

(22) Kalliope is a Type-1 binary system, composed of a large 166-km irregularly shaped primary and a 28-km satellite (named Linus) that we studied intensively in 2007. From this study we derived a new shape model and derived a large bulk density of 3.35 g/cc. The picture below shows a comparison between the resolved image of the primary and the new shape model. As you can see the agreement is striking.

We also detected the satellite, as shown on the image on the left. We are happy to report that its measured position is very close (6.5 milli-arcsec to be precised) to the position predited by our new dynamical model (developed by F. Vachier and J. Berthier). More news on this...

(45) Eugenia is the last interesting system that we observed with Keck AO. This is a Type-1 triple asteroid system, made of a large 217 km ellipsoidal primary and TWO 5 & 7 km satellites orbiting at ~600 and ~1200 km. We discovered the second satellite in 2007 after reprocessing carefully several VLT/NACO data recorded in 2004 (see below the left image. The arrows indicate the positions of the moons). With this improved version of the Keck AO system, and because of the large aperture of the telescope, the second and closer moonlet is easily detected as shown in the figure below (see the green circles on the right image).

It is motivating to see how the improvement in imaging quality of an AO systems allow us to see smaller and closer satellites around asteroids. The same technique is used to search for faint exoplanets around nearby stars like the recently discovered Beta Pic B.

That's all for multiple asteroids... I will next write about our new instrument about to be tested at Lick Shane-3m telescope.

Clear skies...

July 20, 2010

krandall Fri, 07/30/2010 - 07:09

Keck AO Observations: Io Volcanism - "Mornes plaines"

krandall — Fri, 30 Jul 2010 08:40:00 +0000

Keck AO Observations: Io Volcanism - "Mornes plaines"

By Dr. Franck Marchis
Planetary Astronomer at the Carl Sagan Center for the Study of Life in the Universe, SETI Institute

I'd like to share the first of two blogs on observations of Io that we did using the Keck telescope and its Adaptive Optics (AO) system.

Similar to last year, my summer is busy with the REU (Research Experience for Undergraduates) students of the SETI Institute. I will write a specific post on two students who are working with me and their project in a few days.

I obtained telescope time at the end of June 2010 with the W.M. Keck II telescope and its Adaptive Optics system. Because I could not afford to travel to the Big Island, I decided to conduct these observations from UC-Berkeley, using a dedicated remote control room in the basement of our building. Keaton Burns, one of my REU students, was also there and helped me during these observations. Interestingly, it was his first observation run with an optical telescope. Starting as a newbie with the largest telescope in the world, I am hoping he is not going to get bored too quickly. :-)

Keaton Burn, SETI-REU student in the remote control room at UC-Berkeley,

shortly before the beginning of the observations.

As usual with the W.M. Keck telescope, the night went smoothly even if it was quite intensive. We observed 40 targets (mostly asteroids) with an excellent seeing (~0.7â³) and sky transparency. We are very fortunate to be able to conduct observations from this exceptional site. Mauna Kea is definitely one of the best sites for astronomy. I should also thank our telescope operator (Julie) and our AO support (Hien Tran) for their first class support and their help during this night.

During our night, we took a break of observing asteroids (we are searching for moons around them) and pointed the Keck telescope toward Io. Io, the innermost satellite of Jupiter, is well known for its intensive volcanism. Using AO systems, we use the exquisite angular resolution provided by these instruments mounted on 8-10m class telescopes to monitor its volcanic activity. Our spatial resolution remains limited (~125 km), so we do not see the volcanoes themselves but the thermal output of the fresh magma being erupted.

The above three images of Io were taken at 2.1 um (Kp), 3.8 um (Lp) and 4.7 um (Ms). At longer wavelength range, you can see more active volcanoes (bright dots on the images) since we are sensitive to lower magma temperature.

On the top of monitoring the active volcanoes on Io to determine their temperature and surface area, we were hoping to capture a high temperature volcano (an outburst) like we saw in Feb 2001 for instance. These extremely energetic eruptions are detectable at a shorter wavelength (<2 um) and help determine the highest magma temperature. Io, however, decided to be quite boring in June. On this hemisphere we could detect only 4 volcanoes in Lp and Ms band (most likely: Pillan, Marduk, Prometheus and Zamama), and we noticed the absence of activity in K band.

The tough reality of being a planetary astronomers: we can't make a major discovery each time we observe... :(

Fore more on this observing run, read my second blog.

July 15, 2010

krandall Fri, 07/30/2010 - 04:40