This Is Depressing

The standard wisdom in management of Major Depression, is that
medication plus psychotherapy is better that either treatment
alone.  Many studies have shown this.  But this one does not.



href="http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/11/1178?home">Cognitive
Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy and Brief
Supportive Psychotherapy for Augmentation of Antidepressant Nonresponse
in Chronic Depression

The REVAMP Trial



James H. Kocsis, MD; Alan J. Gelenberg, MD; Barbara O.
Rothbaum,
PhD; Daniel N. Klein, PhD; Madhukar H. Trivedi, MD; Rachel Manber, PhD;
Martin B. Keller, MD; Andrew C. Leon, PhD; Steven R. Wisniewski, PhD;
Bruce A. Arnow, PhD; John C. Markowitz, MD; Michael E. Thase, MD; for
the REVAMP Investigators




Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66(11):1178-1188.


Context  Previous studies have found that few
chronically depressed patients remit with antidepressant medications
alone.



Objective  To determine the role of adjunctive
psychotherapy in the treatment of chronically depressed patients with
less than complete response to an initial medication trial.



Design  This trial compared 12 weeks of (1) continued
pharmacotherapy and augmentation with cognitive behavioral analysis
system of psychotherapy (CBASP), (2) continued pharmacotherapy and
augmentation with brief supportive psychotherapy (BSP), and (3)
continued optimized pharmacotherapy (MEDS) alone. We hypothesized that
adding CBASP would produce higher rates of response and remission than
adding BSP or continuing MEDS alone.



Setting  Eight academic sites.



Participants  Chronically depressed patients with a
current DSM-IV-defined major depressive episode and persistent
depressive symptoms for more than 2 years.



Interventions  Phase 1 consisted of open-label,
algorithm-guided treatment for 12 weeks based on a history of
antidepressant response. Patients not achieving remission received
next-step pharmacotherapy options with or without adjunctive
psychotherapy (phase 2). Individuals undergoing psychotherapy were
randomized to receive either CBASP or BSP stratified by phase 1
response, ie, as nonresponders (NRs) or partial responders (PRs).



Main Outcome Measures  Proportions of remitters, PRs, and
NRs and change on Hamilton Scale for Depression (HAM-D) scores.



Results  In all, 808 participants entered phase 1, of
which 491 were classified as NRs or PRs and entered phase 2 (200
received CBASP and MEDS, 195 received BSP and MEDS, and 96 received
MEDS only). Mean HAM-D scores dropped from 25.9 to 17.7 in NRs and from
15.2 to 9.9 in PRs. No statistically significant differences emerged
among the 3 treatment groups in the proportions of phase 2 remission
(15.0%), partial response (22.5%), and nonresponse (62.5%) or in
changes on HAM-D scores.



Conclusions  Although 37.5% of the participants
experienced partial response or remitted in phase 2, neither form of
adjunctive psychotherapy significantly improved outcomes over that of a
flexible, individualized pharmacotherapy regimen alone. A longitudinal
assessment of later-emerging benefits is ongoing.



The good news is that the study was done with participants who were
chronically depressed, so if any of them got better, it is a good
thing.  about three-eights achieved remission in the first phase,
over 12 weeks.  That is not too bad.  In the second
phase,  15% achieved remission.  That is OK but hardly
great.  Another 22.5% achieved partial response.  So by the
end of 24 weeks, about two-thirds of the participants had at least a
partial response.  This is fairly typical for a trial of any
intervention for depression.  It is reasonably good for a trial
that recruited persons with chronic depression. 



However, it was disappointing to the researchers in two respects. 
For one, they hypothesized that their cognitive behavioral analysis
system of psychotherapy would be shown to be superior to brief
supportive therapy.  They did not demonstrate that.  They
also did not demonstrate that either form of psychotherapy was better
than medication alone. 



One obvious limitation: the second phase was only 12 weeks long. 
That is not a lot of time for psychotherapy.  The persons who
entered phase two as nonresponders have mean Hamilton Depression scores
of 25.9 at the start.  Personally, I would not expect that 12
weeks of psychotherapy would have a strong enough effect to be
statistically convincing.  On the other hand, the persons who
entered phase two as partial-responders had mean HAM-Ds of 17.7 at the
start.  They ended with a mean of 9.9.  I am thinking that
once you get down to that level (7 or so is complete remission) that a
difference of a few points is going to be hard to see,
statistically. 



The study, as published so far, clearly is intended to find out if
adding psychotherapy makes a difference in the short run.  While
this is interesting, it is the long-term outcome that really
matters. 



When treating persons who have chronic depression, I tend to think of
medication as being more important than psychotherapy in the short
run.*  The real benefit from psychotherapy is converting partial
responders to full response, in an intermediate time frame; and in
helping to prevent or mitigate relapse, over a longer time frame. 
This study does not change my impression, although it does not confirm
it, either.  The authors are gong to extend the study and see if a
longer period of time enables them to demonstrate an effect. 

----------

*With many exceptions, of course; I'm referring to general tendencies.


Tags

More like this

Some may recall Brodmann Area 25 (a part of the brain also known as the subgenual area or area subgenualis).  It was mentioned by Orli Van Mourik ( id="a028464" href="http://scienceblogs.com/neurontic/2006/08/much_ado_about_area_25.php">Much Ado About Area 25) in 2006, and by me in 2008 ( href="…
tags: researchblogging.org, mental health, depression, major depressive disorder, MDD, exercise, James A. Blumenthal Image: Lucozade Sport. "A lot of people know from their own experience that when they exercise, they feel better," observed James A. Blumenthal, a professor of psychology at Duke…
I used to work in an eating disorders treatment program.  From time to time, I give talks on the subject.  When I get to the part about the use of psychiatric medication, I always start with something like this: "frankly, the role of medication in the treatment of eating disorders is extremely…
This is from a small study, so it would be inappropriate to draw a broad conclusion from it.  Still, it is kind of interesting. href="http://baywood.metapress.com/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=searchcitationsresults,2,2;"> href="http://baywood.metapress.com/app/home/…

I can't wait to see what the long term results are. I am with you on the general assumption that medication is more important in the short run. Psychotherapy is not really a viable option unless the patient is reasonably coherent and goal oriented. Medication can get some patients to that point where therapy can step in.

And I'm always interested in studies that combat CB therapies against other therapies. I believe that researchers are trying to find that magic bullet that insurance companies will pay for. 12 session of CB therapy! We'll fix them for you! Sadly, I don't think it's every going to go that way.

I'm not a scientist. I'm a patient. Psychotherapy is similar to religion. There is nothing behind it. It is quackery pure and simple. Until the connection between brain chemistry and mental illness was discovered and meds developed that worked on said chemistry, all of psychiatry was quackery. The psychiatric business is still trying to scam both patients and insurance companies. I get my meds from my family doctor. I wouldn't go near a psychiatrist.

symptom relief comes in many forms and can be delivered in many different ways....it would have been interesting if a placebo "drug" was also part of the study...other studies have shown that the act of seeking help, regardless of form, can improve functioning in the short term... I agree meds are good for stabilization, but long term, lasting change can not be gained by meds alone.....

Meds are the only thing that help any type of clinical depression. And there is no such thing as long term, lasting change. Mental illness is not curable. The right meds can relieve the symptoms but that is all.

But you are right about symptom relief coming in many forms. They include among other things, drug or alcohol abuse, overeating, excessive sleeping, promiscuity, shopping sprees, destructive or violent behaviors and suicide. Talking about it doesn't do anything. Please stop taking advantage of the mentally ill.

I've never had more than weak, short term, probably placebo relief from either therapy or antidepressants... but when put on an anticonvulsant I went from being unable to work or even take care of myself, my apartment etc. properly to being just as happy, healthy and productive (in a job that requires above-average cognitive abilities) as I used to be, in a matter of weeks. And the only reason it took that long was because the dose had to be increased gradually: a day or two after I reached the right level I woke up feeling like myself again. It's been six years now. Feels like lasting change to me. In fact, it feels like a cure. Of course I didn't have chronic depression - BPII is still mental illness, though. Please remember that "depression" is not a single illness.

By annemarie (not verified) on 08 Nov 2009 #permalink