Age-Related Changes in Total and Regional Fat Distribution

As many of our readers know, I performed my MSc under the direction of Dr Bob Ross at Queen's University (Peter recently completed his PhD in the same lab).  Dr Ross is a world leader in the measurement of body fat and body fat distribution, which is why many of our publications focus on the associations of various body fat depots with markers of metabolic risk.  During my time at Queen's I was also fortunate to work with Drs Jen Kuk and Lance Davidson (now at York and Columbia respectively), who were also studying with Dr Ross.  In the current issue of Ageing Research Reviews, Drs Kuk, Davidson, Ross, and myself review age related changes in body fat distribution in a paper creatively titled "Age-related changes in total and regional fat distribution".

Research from Dr Ross' lab, as well as research done by other groups, has consistently shown that visceral fat is strongly associated with increased metabolic risk.  As part of her PhD thesis, Dr Kuk has even shown that visceral fat is an independent predictor of mortality.  In contrast, after controlling for abdominal fat, the accumulation of lower body subcutaneous fat (the fat just beneath the skin) is often reported to be associated with reduced metabolic risk.  Take for example my MSc thesis which found that after control for abdominal fat, lower body subcutaneous fat is negatively associated with triglyceride levels, and positively associated with HDL cholesterol in elderly men and women.   In other words, if two people have the same amount of abdominal fat, the one with more leg and butt fat is likely to be the healthier of the two.

All of this brings me to our current review, which summarizes the changes in these and other fat depots with normal ageing.  As you might expect, the changes are not good - there is a progressive increase in total abdominal fat (and especially visceral fat), as well as a progressive loss of lower body subcutaneous fat.  So there is more of the bad fat, and less of the good fat.  What's more, these changes can occur even without changes in body weight or waist circumference.  So even without gaining weight, body fat percentage tends to increase with age, and the increase is mostly due to increases in the worst fat depots.  These changes can be seen especially clearly in this image that I created for my thesis introduction (I knew this would come in handy someday!).  Note that although both individuals have a waist circumference of 106cm, the older individual has dramatically more visceral fat, and less thigh subcutaneous fat.

Unfortunately there are other negative changes in body fat distribution with age, including increased fat storage in the heart, liver, bone marrow, and skeletal muscle, all of which are associated with increased metabolic risk, as well as increased risk of fractures in the case of bone marrow.  And as mentioned before, none of these changes are readily apparent when obesity is being measured by BMI or waist circumference alone, which are the most common measures used in the field (and which are pretty accurate in their own right).

But wait - it's not all bad news.  As part of his PhD thesis, Dr Davidson has previously shown that exercise is able to reduce total fat and visceral fat, as well as dramatically improving metabolic risk and functional health in elderly men and women.  So while normal ageing is associated with detrimental changes in body fat distribution, exercise can dramatically reduce these effects.  For what it's worth, Dr Davidson's work has also shown that a combination of aerobic and resistance exercise is the ideal strategy for improving both metabolic and functional health in the elderly.  It doesn't have to be intense (Peter and I helped oversee the resistance exercise in that study, and it was very low intensity for some individuals), but it can have a large impact on your quality of life.  Remember - no matter what your age, it's never too late to improve your health with a little exercise.

Travis

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Kuk, J., Saunders, T., Davidson, L., & Ross, R. (2009). Age-related changes in total and regional fat distribution Ageing Research Reviews, 8 (4), 339-348 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2009.06.001