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An amusingly suspicious “paper”

There is a site called ScienceBlog, at scienceblog.com. Note that it is a little different from scienceblogs.com — it lacks the "s". There are a few other differences, too: it's a site that simply reprints press releases. Send 'em anything, and they'll spit it back up on the web for you. One such example is a press release titled Life on Earth came from other planets. It purports to be a summary of a peer-reviewed, published research paper. This one: "Life on Earth Came From Other Planets," by R. Joseph, Ph.D. Cosmology, Vol 1. 2009. There are a few funny things about this article. The…

Prevention message opportunities in media coverage of worker fatalities?

From time to time I write a blog post titled “Not an accident.” These posts highlight the name of a recent workplace-fatality victim and also challenge the often-used term "accident" to describe such an event. The hazards that lead to workers being killed on job---from being pulled into or crushed by machinery to falling from a roof--- are well-understood and can be addressed. Yet most worker fatalities are described by police spokespersons as “accidents” and the term is then repeated in local press accounts. Could the press instead communicate how such incidents could be averted? Several…

Zero contradiction

http://www.zerocarbonbritain.org/ says that Britain can eliminate emissions from fossil fuels in 20 years... by halving energy demand and installing massive renewable energy generation. This contradicts my memories of a talk by David MacKay which (I recall) said that no plausible amount of UK renewables could generate 50% (or even that much) of our energy. Could someone check their and his numbers to save me the trouble, please? Thursday: it would seem not :-). So I'll make a start. Looking at the ZC stuff (p94) the vast bulk of the power is coming from offshore wind and wave. In fact the…

Seven Years of SteelyKid

Today is SteelyKid's seventh birthday, which she's been counting down to for a good while. It's a little hard to believe it's seven years since she was substantially smaller than her stuffed Appa toy. She's become quite a handful in that time, with boundless energy apparently derived from photosynthesis (since she hardly eats anything), and intense interests in Minecraft and Pokemon, math and taekwondo. She's a red belt now, which is only a few short of black, and this summer has started doing the "Elite Team" sparring classes. I'm pretty sure that if she really wanted to, she could kick my…

Pining for the Sun

If you show people a cloudy, overcast day side-by-side with a bright, sunny one, almost everyone will choose the sunny day as the one that makes them happier. Dave, one of Starts With A Bang's longest readers, is no exception. The extended winter he's living through in Kansas isn't making him any happier: Someone remind me what the Sun looks like, it's been a couple of days since I've seen it.... No problem, Dave. Sure, there are good reasons that you want to see the Sun, for the effects it has on regulating your circadian rhythms, on the release of various endorphins, for Vitamin D…

Future News: DAMA discovers Dark Matter?!

The DAMA collaboration, an experimental team searching for dark matter via direct detection, is poised to report this week that they have discovered Dark Matter. And I'm here to pre-empt that by bringing you the truth: no, they haven't. They take some very cold (cryogenic) atoms, look for nuclear recoils resulting from dark matter collisions, subtract the background, and draw conclusions based on whatever's left over. Their expectations are based on the following: Neutrons, neutrinos, and other standard model particles from the Earth, the Sun, and the Milky Way galaxy will collide with the…

Bacon: Is There Anything It Can't Do?

Prior to SteelyKid's arrival, the "Pasta with Butter, Sage, and Parmesan" recipe from Mark Bittman's How to Cook Everything had become one of our staple recipes. It's dead simple to make, we always have the stuff on hand (I've been planting sage in pots outside for the last couple of years), and it's very tasty. Unfortunately, SteelyKid reacts badly to dairy, even when Kate's the one eating the dairy. So, parmesan is right out, along with many, many other favorite foods. In an effort to preserve the sanity of the adults in the house, I've been trying to find ways to expand our repertoire of…

Bee-ware - bees use warning buzz to refute the waggle dance

Bees can communicate with each other using the famous "waggle dance". With special figure-of-eight gyrations, they can accurately tell other hive-mates about the location of nectar sources. Karl von Frisch translated the waggle dance decades ago but it's just a small part of bee communication. As well as signals that tell their sisters where to find food, bees have a stop signal that silences dancers who are advertising dangerous locations.  The signal is a brief vibration at a frequency of 380 Hz (roughly middle G), that lasts just 150 milliseconds. It's not delivered very gracefully.…

Deer transmit prion proteins to one another via their droppings

Prions are proteins that have become bent out of shape. Their chain of amino acids folds up in an abnormal ways, and they can transmit this rogue alignment to their normal counterparts. As their numbers increase, they gather in large clumps that can kill neurons and damage brains. They most famously cause BSE in cows, CJD in humans and scrapie in sheep. But other mammals suffer from prion diseases too - the deer equivalent is called chronic wasting disease or CWD and it is shedding light on how prions are transmitted in the wild.  Gultekin Tamguney from the University of California, San…

Flowers change colour and back again to advertise their opening hours

Many living things, from chameleons to fish to squid, have the ability to change their colour. But flowers? Yes, over 450 species of flower have the ability to shapeshift, altering their colour and positions over the course of a day. The goal, as with many aspects of a flower's nature, is communication. The secondary palette tells pollinators that a particular flower has already been visited and not only needs no pollen but has little nectar to offer as a reward. The visitor's attentions (and the pollen it carries) are directed towards needier flowers. The legume Desmodium setigerum is one…

Beautiful Evidence: Science Cinema

To scientists, "experimental" is a technical word, one with a precise meaning: that which relates to a procedure of methodical trial and error, to a systematic test for determining the nature of reality. I got in trouble on this blog once, with commenters, for using the word "experimental" too flippantly. But artists experiment too, of course. Their method of inquiry is different, free from the rigidity that characterizes the scientific method. Artistic experiments are designed to be singular; they aren't supposed to be repeated. They have no control variables. Often, even the hypothesis…

Cambrian Food Webs

Food webs --- the network of trophic (eating) interaction among the many species sharing a habitat or biome -- is a much studied aspect of ecology. Food web and other similar phenomena such as dispersal syndromes are epiphenomena of evolution, resulting from the negotiation of competitive and cooperative interactions among many individuals. Indeed, the food web is the gross-level movement of energy within the ebb and flow of entropy and life-based energy capture. This flow of energy is fundamental to all life systems. The delicacy or vulnerability of a particular habitat ... the potential…

What's the deal with "virgin birth" (parthenogenesis)?

Not all animals must have sex with another individual to produce perfectly viable offspring. And neither do humans, thanks to technological breakthroughs in artificial insemination. But what about those critters that do not require masturbation and meat basters to produce babies sans contact with another individual? Remarkably, this is quite common in the animal kingdom, although different animals go about doing it in different ways. Caenorhabditis elegans, the roundworm that has become a popular model in developmental biology, lives in populations made up almost entirely of hermaphrodites.…

A Reaction Chamber for Fatty Acid Synthesis

Fatty acid synthesis consists of tethering an an acetyl group (2 carbons) to ACP (Acyl Carrier protein) that then bounces around to 5 different enzymes to add 2 carbons to the end of the acetyl group. This process is repeated, each cycle resulting in the addition of two extra carbons. Eventually the long lipid chain is released from ACP resulting in a free fatty acid that is 16 (palmate), 18 (Stearate) or some other number of carbons long. To learn more on fatty acid synthesis, follow this link to a great summary from the Chemistry department at the University of Arkon. In fungi these 6…

Keystones and connections

In Science, two biologists reported on the effects of fishing in South American rivers. Removing a large fish, Prochilodus mariae, from the river causes rapid changes in how carbon (stored energy) passes through the river, decreasing the cycling of carbon. In fact, they explain, "Impacts of removing Prochilodus on carbon flow equaled or exceeded effects of removing [in different studies] all fish, invertebrates, shrimps, and predatory fish in other streams and lakes." The removal of one species from one side of a river reduced flow of organic material by 60%, and changed the sort of growth…

Tyrannosaurus yeck?: Another look at preserved proteins

In 2005 the unexpected occurred; researchers reported what appeared to be preserved soft tissues inside the femur of a Tyrannosaurus rex excavated from the Hell Creek Formation. Structures that looked like blood vessels and blood cells were seen under the microscope, and although it is still unknown whether this is original organic material or material that has somehow been preserved the structures provided some tantalizing clues. What the researchers have been more confident about, however, is that they were able to detect the presence of preserved collagen proteins in the material. (Indeed…

Basics: Electric Potential for a Point Charge

Pre Reqs: electric potential, electric field, work-energy To start, remember that for a constant electric field the change in electric potential energy would be: WARNING: that is only for a constant electric field. I know you will be tempted later to use this for a different electric field, but DON'T DO IT. But if not that, then how do find the change in electric potential for a point charge? Let me start with a conceptual question. Suppose there were two point charges, both positive but one is held in place. If I hold the other point charge a distance r away from the other charge and…

New eruption in Ethiopia!

Three days ago, I received an email from Eruptions reader Gijs de Reijke who was curious about something he noticed in the daily OMI SO2 images: OMI sulfur dioxide map over Ethiopia for June 30, 2009. Now, I wasn't quite sure what to make of it other than the fact that there was an awful lot of sulfur dioxide in the vicinity of Addis Ababa, which seemed odd. If we look at a map of the active volcanoes in Ethiopia (below), a majority of the ones we might suspect if the SO2 was volcano are to the north (Erte Ale, Dallafilla), but this patch is smack-dab in the middle of the country, looking…

Hidden in plain sight: discovering cryptic vesper bats in the European biota

In terms of its zoological diversity, Europe is the best known continent on the planet. Indeed it's generally assumed that just about all of Europe's macrofauna has, by now, been discovered. While that's mostly true, it seems that at least a few species - so called 'cryptic species' - have been missed, mostly because they're extremely similar to their close relatives. Here, I want to look briefly at new discoveries made concerning the diversity of European microbats [composite above shows, clockwise from top left: Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Plecotus auritus, Pl. austriacus and Myotis…

Comments of the Week #112: from darkness to Balticon to black holes' invisibility

“It isn't the mountains ahead to climb that wear you out; it's the pebble in your shoe.” -Muhammad Ali After a week of travel here at Starts With A Bang -- where we appeared at Balticon 50 and had a fantastic time -- it's time to catch up on all the news that the Universe had to offer. That includes a whole lot, including a fun podcast for Ikonoclast, now live, Saturn just having reached opposition and Mercury, today, at its greatest elongation from the Sun. (Look for it in the pre-dawn sky!) The only Balticon disappointment: the session I had with Larry Niven didn't have audio setup in it,…

Open Access 101 (video)

Open Access 101, from SPARC from Karen Rustad on Vimeo.

Friday Deep-Sea Picture: Blob Sculpin

A Blob Sculpin (Psychrolutes phrictus) from Davidson Seamount. Image from MBARI.

A Patch for...Diarrhea?

Forget smoking cessation. This is a patch everyone can use. From the August 10 edition of ScripNews (subscription only): Iomai's traveller's diarrhoea vaccine patch shows promise Iomai's investigational vaccine patch for traveller's diarrhoea has shown positive Phase II results in volunteers travelling to Mexico and Guatemala. If approved, it would become the first vaccine approved in the US for traveller's diarrhoea, says the company. The patch is designed to treat traveller's diarrhoea associated with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), which is responsible for most cases of the…

European population substructure

The American Journal of Human Genetics has an article up examining population substructure within Europe (or, more precisely, the varation of genes), Measuring European Population Stratification with Microarray Genotype Data. From the discussion: PC1 [the largest principle component of variance] largely separates northern from southeastern individuals...and is consistent with the clines observed in classic gene-frequency...Y-chromosome...mtDNA...and whole-genome...studies of European diversity. PC2 [the second largest principle component of variance] reflects mainly east-west geographic…

Friday Fun: Neurologists Paint Grim Picture Of 'Madden' Football's Long-Term Effect On Players' Brains

I guess it's not just the physical hits to the head that leave a lasting effect on people's brains, but the long-term effects of bad video games also can cause your brains to leak out your ears. From The Onion, Neurologists Paint Grim Picture Of 'Madden' Football's Long-Term Effect On Players' Brains. SAN JOSE, CA--In an alarming report that sheds new light on the dangers of the game, the Institute for Brain Injury Research published Wednesday the results of a five-year investigation into the long-term neurological consequences of playing Madden football. "The situation is far more serious…

Stephen Schneider's legacy

I am taking a break from blogging. My reasons are personal. I do not know how long the break will last. In the meantime, I reproduce a note from the editorial board of Climatic Change. It takes the form of a letter to the late, great Stephen Schneider. I hope they provide some inspiration for those who, like me, are finding the task of thinking about climate change every day a little too much to bear. Dear Steve: Many people have been offering chronicles of your amazing life, but it will take an historian to put all of your accomplishments and contributions into their proper context. When…

Turkeys in Nebraska and the USDA

The turkeys were doomed anyway, so the discovery they had a "mild strain of bird flu" didn't seal their fate, which had already been hermetically sealed. The birds showed no sign of illness. The evidence for infection came from finding the presence of antibodies to the low pathogenic strain prior to being sent to slaughter. The US Department of Agriculture reassured everyone: no human has ever caught bird flu after eating properly cooked poultry or eggs. So who cares? It turns out lots of people in the poultry industry elsewhere care a great deal: But officials in Japan, Russia, Turkey, the…

Indon's Supari says "no". Is this the bottom line for Geneva?

Indonesia's health minister, Siti Fadilah Supari, has answered the question whether the recently concluded Geneva summit on sharing of influenza viruses had produced sufficient agreement to induce that country to begin sharing again. Her answer seems to be "no": Indonesia's health minister reiterated Sunday that she would not send bird flu specimens to the World Health Organization, saying poor nations needed assurances that any pandemic vaccines developed from the virus would be affordable. Siti Fadilah Supari made the comments on her return from Geneva, where the WHO held an…

The Importance of Collecting Data (Gulf Coast edition)

As a group, scientists generally grasp the importance of good data collection systems - but federal-agency budgets rarely let scientists collect as much data as they'd like. Trimming funds for monitoring or surveillance programs may seem like the least painful budget choice when money's tight, but then sometimes it turns out that relatively small savings from such cuts have huge costs further down the line. That seems to be the case when it comes to data on currents in the Gulf of Mexico, as Paul Voosen reports for Greenwire: For more than a decade, scientists have called for federal funding…

Conspiracy-targeted Campaigning from Romney

Slate has an interesting article about Romney campaign mailings that appear to contain buzzwords for chronic Lyme disease advocates in Virginia. Romney's plan for Lyme disease includes these two points: IMPROVE SYNERGY Ensure that government agencies have an open line of communication and work with patients, researchers, doctors, and businesses in an objective, comprehensive manner. SUPPORT TREATMENT Encourage increased options for the treatment of Lyme Disease and provide local physicians with protection from lawsuits to ensure they can treat the disease with the aggressive antibiotics…

Don't fall asleep during the Sarah Connor Chronicles

For the benefit of Teresa and her son, here's a description of a day in the life. This may not be all medstudents on the surgical rotation, but at the moment it's what I'm doing. I wake up around 4AM, put on scrubs (usually, but on clinic day you dress nice), and go to work. I spend about an hour going over labs, checking vitals from overnight, in and outs as they say, and visiting with patients to ask them how their night was as well as performing a brief physical exam. I then round with my team for about half an hour, and for the patients I track, I try to present them to the residents…

Good news in global health: cases of guinea worm, deaths from measles fall

A pair of positive stories in the news today. The first involves guinea worm, a nasty parasitic disease. The worms have a complex life cycle, but contaminated water plays a key role. Worm larvae within the water are hosted by a water flea, which may be ingested by humans. In the stomach, the water flea will be digested, but the hardy larvae will travel throughout the body and eventually emerge from the body through the skin--usually in the lower extremities. This causes a very painful burning sensation, which the victim may try to relieve with water--allowing the female worm to…

Occupational Health News Roundup

Worker issues were in the spotlight on Capitol Hill this past week. Senator Patty Murray of Washington state introduced legislation to ban asbestos, and the hearing on the bill featured testimony from John Thayer, head of a crew that works in the tunnels running beneath the U.S. Capitol. He explained that he and his crew members are regularly exposed to asbestos fibers from the aging structures, that respirators were not required until 2006, and that he and his colleagues now suffer from asbestos-related illnesses. The Senate passed a bill that includes collective bargaining and whistleblower…

Friday Random Ten for Dec 22

1. **Lunasa, "Feabhra"**: My favorite traditional Irish band. These guys are *really* traditional instrumental Irish - Uillean pipes, flute, guitar, bodhran, and bass. The pipe player is without doubt one of the best, if not *the* best in the world. I thought that I hated all kinds of bagpipes until I saw Cillian Vallely performing live (before he joined Lunasa). 2. **Darol Angers Republic of Strings, "Bluebird"**: A track from Darol Angers latest project. Pretty much anything Darol does is gold; this isn't one of my favorite tracks, because I don't like the singer, but it's got red-hot…

My picks from ScienceDaily

Earth's Magnetic Field Reversals Illuminated By Lava Flows Study: Earth's north magnetic pole is shifting and weakening. Ancient lava flows are guiding a better understanding of what generates and controls the Earth's magnetic field - and what may drive it to occasionally reverse direction. ----------------- Current evidence suggests we are now approaching one of these transitional states because the main magnetic field is relatively weak and rapidly decreasing, he says. While the last polarity reversal occurred several hundred thousand years ago, the next might come within only a few…

My Picks From ScienceDaily

Mind Over Matter: Monkey Feeds Itself Using Its Brain: A monkey has successfully fed itself with fluid, well-controlled movements of a human-like robotic arm by using only signals from its brain, researchers from the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine report in the journal Nature. This significant advance could benefit development of prosthetics for people with spinal cord injuries and those with "locked-in" conditions such as Lou Gehrig's disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Authentic Viking DNA Retrieved From 1,000-year-old Skeletons: Although "Viking" literally means "pirate…

My picks from ScienceDaily

Synthesis Of Natural Molecule Could Lead To Better Anti-cancer Drugs: In early 2007, Northwestern University chemist Karl Scheidt's interest was piqued when marine chemist Amy Wright reported in the Journal of Natural Products that a new natural compound derived from an uncommon deep-sea sponge was extremely effective at inhibiting cancer cell growth. Ants And Avalanches: Insects On Coffee Plants Follow Widespread Natural Tendency: Ever since a forward-thinking trio of physicists identified the phenomenon known as self-organized criticality---a mechanism by which complexity arises in nature…

The further delusions of Michael Egnor

Wacky Michael Egnor is complaining that the data showing progress in treatment of some cancers should be credited to the culture of Christianity instead of science, and further claims that "The remarkable progress in the treatment of cancer in the past several decades had a lot to do with faith and prayer." Hmmm. Given that the data shows a change, a rise in cancer survival within the past few decades, was there some breakthrough in prayer efficacy 20 years ago? Thumbs in vs. thumbs out in the folded hands thing? Accent on the "A-" or on the "men!"? Sudden change from the old useless lazy god…

Occupational Health News Roundup

I thought I was pretty well aware of the occupational hazards faced by hotel housekeepers: repetitive motions that can cause musculoskeletal disorders, exposures to chemicals and pathogens, and grueling work schedules contributing to stress and exhaustion. But the Dominique Strauss-Kahn case has made me aware of another hazard: what the New York Times' Steven Greenhouse describes as "sexual affronts": But housekeepers and hotel security experts say that housekeepers have long had to deal with various sexual affronts from male guests, including explicit comments, groping, guests who expose…

Formaldehyde, scientists, and politics

A new commentary by CUNY School of Public Health professor Franklin Mirer is timed perfectly for this weekend's Marches for Science. Mirer writes about the ongoing interference by Members of Congress on the science behind the designation of formaldehyde as a carcinogen. His commentary, "What’s Science Got to Do with It?" appears in the current issue of April issue of the Synergist, a membership publication of the American Industrial Hygiene Association. Mirer's example concerns a rule published by EPA in December 2016 on testing formaldehyde emissions from composite wood products (e.g.,…

The American Physical Society denies the so-called consensus

This is just one of dozens of responses to common climate change denial arguments, which can all be found at How to Talk to a Climate Sceptic. Objection: The American Physical Society with tens of thousands of member scientists no longer believes that the science of global warming is conclusive. So what about that so called consenus? Answer: The APS has not reversed its position on climate change: Emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities are changing the atmosphere in ways that affect the Earth's climate. Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide as well as methane, nitrous…

A Few Things In the Cryosphere

Some interesting goings-on in the cryosphere these days. In this chart (click the link for an interactive, larger resolution version) from the cryosphere today we can see that we are on the 45th day in a row of daily record lows in sea ice area. Note that this is area which is different from extent.  Area refers to the actual ice cover, I am not sure of the details of how that is defined in practice, whereas extent refers to any ocean surface that contains 15% or more ice cover.  Again, there will be technical details I am not familiar with for determining the edges of extent (e.g. grid size…

How do we know how many galaxies are in the Universe?

"The human mind is not capable of grasping the Universe. We are like a little child entering a huge library. The walls are covered to the ceilings with books in many different tongues. The child knows that someone must have written these books. It does not know who or how. It does not understand the languages in which they are written. But the child notes a definite plan in the arrangement of the books---a mysterious order which it does not comprehend, but only dimly suspects." -Albert Einstein Earlier today, I had the pleasure of visiting a high school astronomy class via Skype, answering…

Darwin's Unfinished Symphony

Darwin's Unfinished Symphony: How Culture Made the Human Mind is a new book on cultural evolution in humans from a biological perspective. This is an interesting book and a good book, and I recommend it, but I need to add a strong caveat. The author could have made a more compelling argument had he more carefully studied and used some of the prior work that makes a similar argument. He strangely cites Terry Deacon in two places (once as a psychologist, incorrectly) for work Deacon has done, but seems to ignore Deacon's key thesis, which is pretty much the same as Laland's key thesis. (See:…

Church Resembles Human Male Sex Organ. Beavis and Butt-Head Convert.

I think it was Johan Huizinga, who noted so many things about the Middle Ages, who noted that more than one Christian architect, captured by muslims during the crusades, was put to death for insolence after put to service to design a mosque and making it appear as a holy cross from the sky. If I recall correctly (and this was all before the Internet so nobody is going to check) the idea was this: If you build a church the way your daddy, the architect before you in your lineage of architects, built it, you don't necessarily think of why you are doing what you are doing. Way back in the…

Identifying the Real Source of Student Entitlement

College graduation season is upon us, at least for institutions running on a semester calendar (sadly, Union's trimester system means we have another month to go). This means the start of the annual surge of Very Serious op-eds about what education means, giving advice to graduates, etc. The New York Times gets things rolling with an op-ed from the people who brought us the Academically Adrift kerfuffle a few months back. As I wrote at the time, I am underwhelmed by their argument. In fact, I would let it go entirely, were it not for a new bit that kind of creeps me out. In this new op-ed,…

An Enthusiastic Amateur is Worse Than Any Pro

Kate points me to a real head-scratcher from Slate, about Harry Collins posing as a physicist. Collins is a sociologist who studies expertise, and also has a very strong interest in gravitational wave detection experiments. Collins and co-workers collected a bunch of qualitative questions about gravitational waves and detectors, and got an expert in the field to write answers to them. He then wrote his own answers, and sent both sets of answers to a bunch of people in the field, and asked them to guess which set of responses was from the expert in the field. The surprising result from this is…

Dorky Poll: Science In Your Lifetime

I've got another long lab this afternoon, so I'm stealing an idea for an audience-participation thread from James Nicoll: Name five things we didn't know in the year that you were born that make the universe a richer place to think about. This is actually a really interesting exercise for showing how rapidly the world has changed in the last N years. I'm not all that old-- to put it in pop-culture terms, the Beatles broke up before I was born-- but when I try to think about the landscape of science since then, it's astonishing how much the world has changed: My own field of laser cooling,…

Further Progress on the Twin Primes Conjecture

Things move quickly in the math world. It was only the end of May that we heard of a stunning development regarding the long moribund twin primes conjecture. The problem is to prove that there are infinitely many pairs of prime numbers that differ by two, such as 3 and 5, or 17 and 19, or 101 and 103. The development was that a previously unknown mathematician named Yitang Zhang proved that there are infinitely many pairs of primes whose difference is...wait for it... no greater than seventy million. Seventy million is certainly a long way from two, but it is even farther away from…

Dembski on the Consequences of Non-Design

Here's the latest from William Dembski: Colorado Governor Bill Ritter's signing of a transgender anti-discrimination bill points up the lunacy that ensues in a world without design. He then links to this article by Ross Kaminsky in the right-wing magazine Human Events. I have no comment on whether or not this is a good bill, since I have not read it and know about it only from Dembski's post. It sounds fine in principle, but Kaminsky raises some interesting practical issues in his article. Human Events is not a publication I trust, however, especially not on issues like these. But perhaps…