fossils
pharyngula | February 19, 2008
It means "devil toad," and it was a 10 pound monster that lived 70 million years ago, in what is now Madagascar. It's huge, and judging by its living cousins, was a voracious predator. If it were alive today, it would probably be eating your cats and puppies.
In other words, this was an awesome toad, and I wish I had one for a pet.
Here's what it looks like, with some very large extant toads for comparison.
Beelzebufo ampinga, Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. (A) Skull
reconstruction showing parts preserved (white areas, Left) and distribution of
pit-and-ridge ornament (stippling, Right). (B…
grrlscientist | February 13, 2008tags: researchblogging.org, evolution, bird-dinosaur split, dinosaurs, birds, rocks-versus-clocks, fossil record, molecular clocks
The first feathered dinosaur fossil found in China -- Sinosauropteryx.
The feathers can be seen in the dark line running along the specimen's back.
Image: Mick Ellison, AMNH [larger view]
There is a lot of controversy among scientists regarding when modern birds first appeared. The current fossil record suggests that modern birds appeared approximately 60-65 million years ago when the other lineages of dinosaurs (along with at least half of all terrestrial…
grrlscientist | January 19, 2008tags: creationism, mastodon skull, Mt Blanco Fossil Museum, fossils
The volkswagon-sized Mastodon skull, which the museum named "Lone Star," is thought to be the largest four-tusk mastodon skull ever found. It was discovered near La Grange, Texas, and was sold in 2004 to Joe Taylor, owner and curator of the Mt. Blanco Fossil Museum.
A creationist "museum" in Crosbyton, Texas is in dire financial straits so they are going to put a mastodon skull up for auction tomorrow. The skull is estimated to be worth $160,000 or more, and should help the "museum" to keep its doors open a little longer…
pharyngula | January 17, 2008
The capybara is the current champion for rodents of unusual size — it weighs about 60kg (about 130 pounds); another large rodent is the pakarana, which weighs about a quarter of that. Either one is far too much rattiness for most people to want hanging around.
Now there's another king of the rodents: Josephoartigasia monesi, which is estimated to have tipped the scales at about 1000kg, over a ton. Don't worry about getting bigger rat traps; these beasties have been extinct for perhaps 2 million years. I've put a few pictures from the paper describing this new species below the fold.
This is…
grrlscientist | January 17, 2008tags: researchblogging.org, Josephoartigasia monesi, Giant South American rodent, fossils, megamammals, Dinomyidae
The head of the newly-found Josephoartigasia monesi (A), in comparison to a South American rodent known as a pakarana, Dinomys branickii (B).
Image: G. Lecuona [larger size].
As a resident of NYC, you often hear stories of enormous rats that are aggressive enough to fight an alleycat -- and win. Even though I watch the rats run around in the subways and am impressed by their audacity, I've never seen any rats that had reached a particularly impressive size, although I have…
grrlscientist | December 30, 2007tags: Stromatolites, fossils, earth science, NewScientist, Image of the Day
Stromatolites.
These intriguing fossils are a visual portal into the emergence of life and the eventual evolving of life forms from Cambrian to modern times.
Image: Mark Boyle 2007 (NewScientist calendar 2008). [Much larger view]
pharyngula | December 19, 2007We've got a splendid new analysis of a southeast Asian artiodactyl from the Thewissen lab that reveals that these little deer-like animals are a sister taxon to whales — so this pushes our understanding of the ancestry of whales yet further back. Carl Zimmer has already described the essentials — I'll just show a few pictures of the fossils.
If you're read Zimmer's At the Water's Edge, you already know that one of the key diagnostic features of cetaceans is the large auditory bulla at the bottom of the skull. It's a distinctive bony capsule that contains the ear structures, and which also has…
grrlscientist | December 17, 2007tags: Caracara creightoni, fossils, birds, ornithology, Image of the Day
The fossil skull of an extinct bird of prey, Caracara creightoni, preserved in an ancient sink-hole in the Bahamas. Several thousand years old, the fossils owe their exquisite preservation to immersion in peat. The bird is a relative of the crested caracara of Central and North America.
Image: PNAS [larger view]
pharyngula | December 15, 2007
Those of you who have been pregnant, or have been a partner to someone who has been pregnant, are familiar with one among many common consequences: lower back pain. It's not surprising—pregnant women are carrying this low-slung 7kg (15lb) weight, and the closest we males can come to the experience would be pressing a bowling ball to our bellybutton and hauling it around with us everywhere we go. This is the kind of load that can put someone seriously out of balance, and one way we compensate for a forward-projecting load is to increase the curvature of our spines (especially the lumbar…
pharyngula | November 21, 2007If you've been following Lio lately, you know he has a new arthropod friend, rescued from the dinner pot.
Unfortunately, Lio missed the big news.
The fossil record has yielded various gigantic arthropods, in contrast to their diminutive proportions today. The recent discovery of a 46cm long claw (chelicera) of the pterygotid eurypterid ('sea scorpion') Jaekelopterus rhenaniae, from the Early Devonian Willwerath Lagerstätte of Germany, reveals that this form attained a body length of approximately 2.5m--almost half a metre longer than previous estimates of the group, and the largest…
pharyngula | November 15, 2007
Last August, when I was at the Sci Foo camp, Paul Sereno brought along the skull of one of his latest discoveries…and whoa, is it ever a weird one. This is Nigersaurus taqueti, an herbivorous dinosaur with specializations for ground-level grazing. Look at this picture; in reality, it's even more striking.
Those jaws and teeth—they are so neatly squared off and flat-edged. In addition, the skull itself on the spinal column is turned habitually downward. This is a creature that kept its face pressed to the ground as it nibbled its way across the landscape.
Another feature that was apparent is…
laelaps | November 5, 2007
Even though I didn't get to go to SVP this year, my friends Julia and Neil were in attendance and were kind enough to send me a *signed* copy of Don Prothero's newest book, Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why it Matters. Although I was already in the middle of a book when Prothero's book arrived at my door, I dropped what I was reading and started tearing through the glossy pages, and I have to say that I was impressed. Aside from the excellent illustrations by the talented Carl Buell (plus tons of photographs and other diagrams), Prothero's book doesn't hold back when it comes to…
grrlscientist | October 31, 2007
A fossilized brown hyena, Hyaena brunnea,
which lived in Europe 1.8 million years ago. [Larger view].
An amazing fossil find in the Andalusian savannah in southeast Spain has revealed that a large variety of animal species lived together in that region during the boundary between the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs, 1.8 million years ago. This discovery has so far yielded a remarkable somorgasbord of fossilized remains from at least 24 large mammal species, eight small mammal species, two reptile species and one bird species.
The fossilized remains, found at Fonelas, Spain, were from…
pharyngula | October 9, 2007
Early Cambrian shrimp! I just had to share this pretty little fellow, a newly described eucrustacean from the lower Cambrian, about 525 million years ago. It's small — the larva here is about 1.8mm long, and the adults are thought to have been 3mm long — but it was probably numerous, and I like to imagine clouds of these small arthropods swarming in ancient seas.
The head limbs are drawn in median view and the trunk limbs in lateral view.
There are a couple of notable things about this animal. One is that they're preserved in full 3-dimensional detail in an Orsten-type lagerstätte, which…
grrlscientist | October 2, 2007tags: blog carnivals, The Boneyard, paleontology
The sixth edition of the Boneyard is now available for you to read. This blog carnival focuses on paleontology and fossils, so there's plenty there for you dinosaur fans to enjoy.
grrlscientist | September 24, 2007tags: researchblogging.org, velociraptor, Dromaeosauridae, dinosaur, feathers, paleontology, evolution
Velociraptor skull.
Velociraptors were small dinosaurs, weighing only about 15kg and approximnately 1.5m long.
Image: M. Elison, AMNH. [larger view]
According to a research paper that was published late last week, the Velociraptor probably had feathers. A closer look at a fossil Velociraptor ulna (forearm) that was found in Mongolia in 1998 revealed a series of small bumps along its length. These bumps are known as "quill knobs" because they are found in most modern birds where they…
pharyngula | September 21, 2007Feathers only rarely fossilize, so the distribution of feathers in dinosaurs is difficult to determine. Sometimes feathers mark the bones, though, and bones do preserve well. Here's an example: the forearm of a Velociraptor retains an array of small bony bumps evenly spaced along its length. What could they be?
In the photo below is the homologous bone of a turkey vulture, showing similar bumps. They are quill knobs, or places where a ligament anchors the root of a secondary feather directly to the bone. Their presence is an indicator of the presence of a large feather — something more than a…
pharyngula | August 31, 2007That Dunford fella has already gone to see the Lucy exhibit in Houston … and he's bragging about it on the interwebs. This makes me soooo jealous.
Oh well, he is paying the price. He may have gotten to see Lucy on opening day, but in exchange he has to live in Texas.
pharyngula | August 29, 2007As I've mentioned before, Lucy is going to be in Houston at the end of this week for an extended stay. This is not entirely a joyous occasion in the scientific community: many people, including Richard Leakey, are not happy that such a precious specimen has been subjected to the risks of travel. I sympathize. The bones of Lucy must be treated with the utmost care and regard, and any loss or damage would be an awful tragedy. However, there's more to it than preserving an important fossil: Lucy is a touchstone to our past and is a symbol of the importance of our long history. We need to bring…