Dr. Maria Pia Miglietta, a postdoc in my lab at Penn State, just published a fascinating paper on a "silent invasion" happening around the world's oceans in the journal Biological Invasions. Those may look like tentacles, but in reality they are the nunchuks of rapid expansion of a stealthy marine invasion.
Intonjutsu: Cheating Death
In true ninja fashion the marine hydroid Turritopsis dohrnii disappears when the going gets tough. Instead of dying with honor, they "de-differentiate" into a cyst, settle to the seafloor and reform into a benthic polyp (see figure above). The polyps then asexually bud off medusae, the jelly stage of the life cycle, thus granting this inconspicuous hydroid virtual immortality. The implications for this process, called transdifferentiation, are enormous. If T. dohrnii can withstand extreme conditions, transdifferentiation allows for unlimited travel throughout the ocean via ship's hulls and ballast, currents or hitching a ride of some marine debris.
Hensõjutsu: Phenotypic Plasticity, The Art of Concealment
A ninja hydroid has but one weakness - its genetic code. Miglietta and Lessios used the power of the mitochondrial 16S genetic marker to disarm the stealthy intruder. Surprisingly, little genetic structure was found among the unidentified samples from as far apart as Italy, Mallorca, Japan, Panama and Florida. Less than one half of a percent genetic difference was detected, concealed in a clade with Turritopsis dohrnii.
Turritopsis dohrnii from most of the world has between 12 and 24 tentacles (see above). But after measuring over 250 adults, Miglietta and Lessios found that the renegade hydrozoans living in tropical Panama always have exactly 8 tentacles (see right). The authors suggest that tropical T. dohrnii may retain a juvenile state in a process called heterochrony, defined by Stephen J. Gould as a "change in the timing of gonad development versus somatic development". Despite this one morphological difference, the panama specimens are still genetically identical to all other T. dohrnii.
Shinobi-iri: Stealth Through Ballast
The high degree of genetic similarity suggests rapid transport throughout the marine realm between the Mediterranean and Japan, through the Panama Canal. The planktonic medusa phase of hydrozoans could explain the wide dispersal range. But with 15 identical sequences from geographically widespread localities, life history traits do not explain this extreme similarity. Miglietta and Lessios suggest that medusae may sneak into a ship's ballast water where they can de-differentiate back into a polyp, settling on the bottom of the ballast tank. Hitchhiking along the shipping route, they asexually bud off more medusae which settle into new territory. So take heed of their warning: a true ninja species finds a way and will rapidly evolve to new situations.
See also:
Science News: Nearly Immortal Sea Creature Spreads
How to Be a Ninja
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Miglietta, M.P., Lessios, H.A. (2008). A silent invasion. Biological Invasions DOI: 10.1007/s10530-008-9296-0
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Question, are these guys hydrozoa or a scyphozoan? I assume by the way it does this trick, it's a hydrozoa. I always had trouble exactly understanding hydrozoa, we're told that each 'cell' (or is it groups of cells, I don't know) are separate animals, that is, take a Portuguese man of war, is just a huge colony of polyps, each with a designated job (stinging, digesting etc.). Does that mean there is genetic diversity within a single "colony" or since the colony most likely reproduced asexually to create itself, would there be no genetic diversity? How can we classify each individual as such? Is it because any polyp can fall off and start a new colony?
That might be off topiuc, but I though I'd ask....
Good question. Yes, these are hydrozoans. In the polyp stage, a colony is a genetically distinct entity with several polyps and many species tend to have specialized polyps for different tastes. Within a colony, each polyp is genetically the same as its neighbors.
In this study, they collected and analyzed hundreds of individuals in the medusoid phase of the life cycle, avoiding colonial issues.
Self/non-self recognition systems in hydroids has been studied and is a complex issue, bordering on the realm of philosophical. Some colonies will merge together if they are genetically similar enough, otherwise one will overgrow the other. How do they know?
Wow! I can see tremendous sci-fi potential in this! They can "youth-enase" themselves - brave scientist pushing at borders of knowledge isolates mechanism, develops treatment for humans that turns old bags into babes again - but wait! there's an unforeseen side effect . . . prize awarded for the best suggestion of what aforementioned unforeseen side effect might be. What's the prize? A big old bag of jelly babies :-)
"youth-enase" LOL Thats great, I'll pass that one on the first author.
Thanks Kevin! Great explanation, I'm a Marine Bio student, and I think I may have played hookie that day...
No worries, its what I do.
Always feel free to ask us questions (we won't do your homework for you though!).
Dear Kevin, I have only one silly question. I'm not a biologist or anything like this, so this will be a really "blonde" one:
What happens to the telomeres during transdifferentation of the cells? Do they have an enzimatic solution? Or the process of transdifferentation simply kicks off this problem?
Thanks a lot for your reply in advance!
This is like actually one of the coolest things I've read. Im studying first year science in australia and its summer holidays here - this makes me want to pick biochem and biology for my courses next year.
I find nature and how things adapt to their environment fascinating.
Thanks for the great article :)