There are some papers out on the genome of the domestic cow out right now. ScienceNews has an overview:
Two competing research teams have cataloged the "essence of bovinity" found in the DNA of cattle, but not without disagreement on some essential points.
Reporting online April 23 in Science and April 24 in Genome Biology, the two groups compiled drafts of the bovine genome, identifying genes important for fighting disease, digesting food and producing milk.
I don't see the Genome Biology paper on the site yet, but there are two in Science. First, The Genome Sequence of Taurine Cattle: A Window to Ruminant Biology and Evolution:
To understand the biology and evolution of ruminants, the cattle genome was sequenced to about sevenfold coverage. The cattle genome contains a minimum of 22,000 genes, with a core set of 14,345 orthologs shared among seven mammalian species of which 1217 are absent or undetected in noneutherian (marsupial or monotreme) genomes. Cattle-specific evolutionary breakpoint regions in chromosomes have a higher density of segmental duplications, enrichment of repetitive elements, and species-specific variations in genes associated with lactation and immune responsiveness. Genes involved in metabolism are generally highly conserved, although five metabolic genes are deleted or extensively diverged from their human orthologs. The cattle genome sequence thus provides a resource for understanding mammalian evolution and accelerating livestock genetic improvement for milk and meat production.
This paper focuses on the big picture taxonomic context of bovines within the bigger family tree of mammals, and how their genome is similar and/or different. Orthologs are just genes in different species which had a common ancestor before speciation, and often retain similar functions (though not always). They look at which genes have reorganized or seem to have been subject to selection in cattle, and not unsurprisingly note:
There has been substantial reorganization of gene families encoding proteins present in milk. One such rearrangement affecting milk composition involves the histatherin (HSTN) gene within the casein gene cluster on BTA6 (fig. S21). In the cattle genome, HSTN is juxtaposed to a regulatory element (BCE) important (23) for β-casein (CSN2) expression, and as a probable consequence, HSTN is regulated like the casein genes during the lactation cycle. This rearrangement that led to the juxtaposition of HSTN next to the BCE is also the probable cause of deletion of one of the two copies of -S2-like casein genes (CSN1S2A) present in other mammalian genomes (24). The biological implications of this change in casein gene copy number are not yet clear.
The whole paper is an alphabet soup of genes, so probably you'll want to do a few rereads. The second paper, Genome-Wide Survey of SNP Variation Uncovers the Genetic Structure of Cattle Breeds, zooms in on the evolutionary history of cattle and the phylogenetic relationship of various breeds:
The imprints of domestication and breed development on the genomes of livestock likely differ from those of companion animals. A deep draft sequence assembly of shotgun reads from a single Hereford female and comparative sequences sampled from six additional breeds were used to develop probes to interrogate 37,470 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 497 cattle from 19 geographically and biologically diverse breeds. These data show that cattle have undergone a rapid recent decrease in effective population size from a very large ancestral population, possibly due to bottlenecks associated with domestication, selection, and breed formation. Domestication and artificial selection appear to have left detectable signatures of selection within the cattle genome, yet the current levels of diversity within breeds are at least as great as exists within humans.
Here are the figures of note:
Remember that each K refers to assigning the genes to K populations, and seeing how the individual's genomes sort out as you increase the number of K's. The PC charts are rather self-evident; populations of common descent cluster with each other and so forth.
I read through the papers quickly, but I didn't see anything that jumped out at me as too surprising. Cattle have been subject to evolution due to disease and selection for milk production. The Indian derived variants are in a different clade from the other cattle. A large ancestral population seems to have gone through a bottleneck event, probably due to domestication. Nevertheless, even if there isn't surprising I assume that plowing through the genomes of organism after organism will start yielding some confounds of expectation.
Of course, knowing the nature of cattle genetic variation could lead to a 'supercow' if you believe press reports....
(as it happens I wonder if a supercow is going to be impossible because of the genetic correlation)
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As a former cattle breeder, and someone interested in ancient human migrations, this is very interesting research.
Two things pop out:
1. The N'dama cattle who are Bos Taurus, might be used to trace the back-migration of pastoralists carrying Y-DNA R1b1-P25 into the Sahel region of Africa...
2. The Romagnola cattle cattle seemed to have a little Bos Indicus (red) in them at K=2, and the link shows that that is indeed correct:
Quote:
The Romangnola breed of cattle derives from the Bos primigenius podolicus, a wild ox which lived on the Italian peninsula and, to a great extent also, from the Bos primigenius nomadicus, a bovine originating in the Euro - Asian steppes, which came to Italy during the fourth century A.D. with the Gothic invasion led by Aginulf.
The Romagnola therefore combines the characteristics of both major types of Aurochs, the ancient wild cattle which were the forebears of the modern Bos Taurus and Bos Indicus cattle breeds
That could lead to speculation on the composition of the Gothic tribes - were they a Scandinavia people who migrated to the Black Sea region, or were they an Indo-Aryan people ruled over by a Scandanavians elite - who would later return to their Scandinavian homeland, carrying Y-DNA R1a-M17 with them?
The Genome Biology paper is on their site now:
http://genomebiology.com/2009/10/4/R42
I'm the senior author on that paper. We found quite a large number of errors in the original assembly, which is why we developed another one - a project that has taken well over a year for my team, by the way. Our assembly has > 150 million base pairs more DNA in it, for example. We also differ on the number of segmental duplications - the Baylor group reported far too many, we found, and we believe that the excess duplications in their assembly are errors due to the assembly software.