Here's a simple function that's not so often found in mathematical physics, but it's still a nice showpiece for exhibiting some interesting behavior:
I've only plotted it for positive real x, because for x less than zero it starts spitting out complex numbers in a very unfriendly way. We're only considering it along the domain in which it's purely a real function. Just from the graph it's clear that this is a very fast-growing function. This isn't exactly a shock. 3^3 = 3x3x3 = 27, while 5^5 = 5x5x5x5x5 = 3125. Larger x produces much larger f(x) at an astonishing rate.
But just what exactly is this rate? To find out, we'd want to find the derivative of this function and take a look at its behavior for large x. But the usual algorithms for differentiation aren't really any help here, this function isn't a simple exponent or power and so the exponent and power rules can't do anything for us. We either have to be especially clever, or as I prefer we can learn from clever people before us and use their methods. The trick to this one is to find the logarithm of our function and then differentiate that. Just for the moment, switch notations for convenience and rename f(x) to y. The derivative of our function y will be denoted as y':
Now take the natural logarithm of both sides, and remember the rules for exponents:
Now since there's no screwball power towers lurking about, we can take the derivative. Remember that the derivative of ln(y) with respect to x is is 1/y, multiplied by the derivative of y with respect to x, which earlier we decided to just call y'. The product rule gives us the derivative of the right side:
Multiply both sides by y to get the derivative by itself:
And remember that y is just x^x:
Bam, we're done. The derivative of x^x is just itself times a slowly logarithmically growing function. Its rate of growth thus increases even faster than the function itself. This makes it clear that this Sunday Function grows faster than the famously quick exponential function, which after all only grows exactly in proportion to itself. In fact, x^x grows even faster than the factorial, which is usually the canonical "faster than exponential" example.
Though in mathematics there's nothing wrong with such a property at all, the laws of nature are generally structured in such a way that usually doesn't produce functions like x^x. Even when super-exponential functions do appear in nature, they're usually in the denominator of some statistical-mechanics function that tends rapidly to zero with increasing x. But rarity is no excuse to gloss over crazy function like this. It's just when you think you'll never have a use for a particular kind of math that you end up needing it.
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Nice post, Matt! You can do with this without logarithms, too.
Suppose you have a function of two variables, say
f = f(x,y)
then
df/dx = \partial{f}/\partial{x} + \partial{f}/\partial{y}*dy/dx
by the normal chain rule.
now set y = x and you see that for a function where "x" appears in two places, you can take the derivative with respect to the first and add the derivative with respect to the second.
in this example, we have
f(x) = x^x
which is like
f(x,y) = x^y
with y=x
so
df/dx = y*x^(y-1) + ln(y)x^y
and plugging in y=x
df/dx = x*x^(x-1) + ln(x)x^x = x^x(1+ln(x))
For x including less than zero, I think |x|^x is pretty.
You can also just rewrite the function as exp(x*log x) and differentiate using the normal chain rule and product rule.
By the way you might wanna notice what the limit of the function is as x tends to zero.u Why we don't define 0^0 is an interesting question and the behavior of this function can be compared with for example 0^x to give the answer.
We're not far away from factorial. Stirling says, ln x! = x ln x, or thereabouts.
@Johan: While x^x actually does have a well-defined limit as x -> 0, the reason we don't define 0^0 is because 0^x does not have a well-defined limit as x -> 0. Specifically, the limit you get depends on your direction of approach: it's 0 if you approach from the positive side and infinity if you approach from the negative side.
That, and the limits x^0 and 0^x are different. It's one of those things where any definition we force 0^0 into is going to end up conflicting with other more fundamental definitions.
Regarding 0^0, I defer to Knuth.
http://www.jhauser.us/publications/HandlingFloatingPointExceptions.html discusses it a bit:
To quote from Concrete Mathematics (Graham, Knuth, and Patashnik):
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