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Mountain

Mount Rainier. Orphaned image. Please contact me for proper creditation. I am receiving so many gorgeous images from you, dear readers, that I am overwhelmed by the beauty of the images and the creatures and places in those images. If you have a high-resolution digitized nature image (I prefer JPG format) that you'd like to share with your fellow readers, feel free to email it to me, along with information about the image and how you'd like it to be credited. . tags: mountain, Mount Rainier, Seattle, Volcano

Last shot for Medicare coverage of radioimmunotherapy (RIT)

With the help of the good people at Patients Against Lymphoma, we've been following the ruling by Medicare that costs of radioimmunotherapeutics for lymphoma would now only be reimbursed at less than the acquisition cost (CMS-1392-FC). So ridiculous is this proposition that Newsweek's Jonathan Alter weighed in with an article, "How Washington is Nixing a Cancer Cure." We've now learned that two senators are modifying the language of the bill coming up for approval by the Senate Finance Committee tomorrow (4 Dec). However, there seems to be misinformation spreading regarding the affordability…

Journal Clubs - think of the future!

The recent return of Journal Clubs on PLoS ONE has been quite a success so far. People are watching from outside and they like what they see. The first Journal Club article, on microbial metagenomics, has already, in just one week, gathered 3 ratings, each accompanied with a short comment, one trackback (this will be the second) and 7 annotations and 4 discussions eliciting further 14 responses in the comment threads. The 12-comment-and-growing thread on the usefulness of the term 'Prokaryote' is quite exciting, showing that it is not so hard to comment on PLoS ONE after all, once you get…

Ebola reemerges from the forest

Ebola has surfaced again. After a hiatus of over a year without any new identified outbreaks, the virus has reemerged in western Africa, in the first-ever multi-country outbreak of the Zaire strain of Ebola. As of this writing, there have been 122 suspected cases of the disease in Guinea (24 laboratory-confirmed per the WHO) and 80 deaths (66% mortality rate). Most of these cases have been in Guekedou and Macenta in rural Guinea, about 35 miles apart, but what's really concerning is that at least 11 cases have also been identified in Guinea's capital of 2 million people, Conakry. Conakry is…

New treatment for MRSA: Scorpion venom

Mesobuthus martensii; Image source: Wikimedia Commons, Ja   Scientists from Wuhan University in China have discovered compounds in scorpion venom that may be the next new treatment for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria and potentially other antibiotic-resistant microbes. Specifically, the peptide BmKn2 was isolated from Mesobuthus martensii and modified into another peptide, Kn2-7 which increased the natural antibacterial properties of BmKn2 while at the same time reducing the risk for hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells).   The new peptide, Kn2-7 was…

Ants spread collective immunity through contact

This article is reposted from the old Wordpress incarnation of Not Exactly Rocket Science. Imagine you get a bad cold, but you decide to put on a brave face and go into work anyway. Instead of jokingly covering their mouths and making jibes about staying away from you, your colleagues act perfectly normally and some even and start rubbing up against you. It's a weird scenario, but not if you were an ant. With their large colonies and intense co-operation, ants are some of the most successful animals on the planet. But like all social insects and animals, their large group sizes make them…

They Moved To The City And Found Someone To Marry

My personal genealogy has never interested me much, knowing as I do that the number of ancestors multiplies by a factor of two with each generation. Thus in AD 1800 someone born in 1975 had about 2^8=256 ancestors of child-bearing age (or slightly fewer if someone has been productive in more than one slot on the diagram). Finding out that a historical figure contributed 1/256 to my genetics and social heritage would not make them all that much more interesting to me. I draw the line at three generations back, with people that are still remembered. In my case they illustrate an interesting and…

My picks from ScienceDaily

Voters Swayed By Candidates Who Share Their Looks, Researchers Say: Made up your mind who to vote for? Maybe it's because you like the looks of the candidate. Or maybe it's because the candidate looks a little like you, even if you don't realize it. Memories Selectively, Safely Erased In Mice: Targeted memory erasure is no longer limited to the realm of science fiction. A new study describes a method through which a selected set of memories can be rapidly and specifically erased from the mouse brain in a controlled and inducible manner. New and old memories have been selectively and safely…

Just because you're paranoid ...

As I expected, Ed comments on the Washington online poker law that I posted on yesterday, and raises an interesting point: [H]ow are they going to know who's gambling without tracking all of their activity online? Money transfers to the gambling sites are all handled by offshore operations like Firepay and Neteller and those transactions are not traceable by the government (they can track your money going to the pay service, but not where it goes from there, and those services can also be used for lots of perfectly legal money transfers). The only way they can know is to violate our privacy…

Happy Birthday, Lynn

Today is my beloved Lynn's birthday, so please join me in wishing a Happy Birthday to the most beautiful, most courageous and most inspiring woman I've ever known. Sadly, the day she was born I was probably eating paste in a kindergarden class and was unaware of the sheer magnitude of the event taking place a few hours south of there and how it would later change my life. Happy birthday, honey.

Can a sniff of oxytocin improve the social skills of autistic people?

The social interactions that come naturally to most people are difficult for people with autism and Asperger syndrome. Simple matters like making eye contact, reading expressions and working out what someone else is thinking can be big challenges, even for "high-functioning" and intelligent individuals. Now, a preliminary study of 13 people suggests that some of these social difficulties could be temporarily relieved by inhaling a hormone called oxytocin. The participants, who either had Asperger or high-functioning autism, experienced stronger feelings of trust, showed stronger social…

The Bottleneck Years by H.E.Taylor - Chapter 76

The Bottleneck Years by H.E. Taylor Chapter 75 Table of Contents Chapter 77 Chapter 76 A Better World, November 12, 2059 We settled in the back of a small electric cab. The driver slid open a slot in the plasteel barrier partitioning the passenger area. Peter gave him the UN offices as a destination and then turned to me. "Right then. Why don't you tell me all about it?" "Have you looked at the sunbug proposal?" "Yeah, I glanced at it. It's too bad it's only theoretical." "I have a practical implementation." "What! Are you sure?" "I didn't do the work. My brother Matt did. But here's…

To every flu there is a season. But why?

One of the enduring scientific mysteries about influenza is what causes its marked seasonal pattern. A new paper in the Journal of Virology provides a useful mini-review of the many theories. [PubMed says its free online, but it seems to be behind a subscription firewall; maybe that will change. Here's the cite: Lofgren E, Fefferman NH, Naumov YN, Gorski J, Naumova EN., "Influenza seasonality: underlying causes and modeling theories", J Virol. 2007 Jun;81(11):5429-36. I have a print copy only.] The most surprising thing to most people who don't follow this is that this is still a mystery. We'…

Independence Days Challenge

Note: Most of the Independence Days material will run at ye olde blogge , but I wanted to post the year three start up over here too, since my readership isn't entirely overlapping. If you want to post status updates, the weekly thread for that will be at my other blog, but you can sign up here too! I hope you'll join us! Many of us need nothing in the world so much as more time. Adding new projects is exhausting - and stressful. And yet, we know that there are things we want to change - for example, most of us would like to grow a garden with our kids, or make sure that we know where…

Darwin Day with Carl Zimmer - and a mini-ScienceOnline09

As you may remember, this week we have a special guest here in the Triangle - Carl Zimmer is coming to enjoy NC BBQ and, since he's already here on the 12th, to give the Darwin Day talk at the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences in Raleigh (directions): "Darwin and Beyond: How Evolution Is Evolving" February 12, 2009 6:30 pm - 7:30 pm Please join us for a Darwin Day presentation by Carl Zimmer. Mr. Zimmer is well known for his popular science writing, particularly his work on evolution. He has published several books including Soul Made Flesh, a history of the brain, Evolution: The…

Lectures at the Museum of Science Boston

Not only is the acclaimed Darwin exhibit comming to Boston's Museum of Science starting this Sunday, but there will be a series of lectures by local researchers to accompany the show: Evolution as a Tool Kit for Understanding Human Disease (Lecture) March 13, 2007 This is the first event in The House that Darwin Built series. Darwin's theory of natural selection has transformed our understanding of the living world, down to the smallest molecules. With: Harvey Lodish, Whitehead member. Evolution in a Test Tube (Lecture) March 16, 2007 Join us for a look at how studying molecules like RNA can…

Sunday in the Park

The first of three potluck picnics sponsored by one of our regional godless groups is being held Sunday, 10 June, at noon, at Columbia Park—Skatje, my wife Mary, and I are planning on being there. Come on out and join the freethought community in the Twin Cities area! By the way, it's weird how we've got all of these infidel organizations here — the Campus Atheists, Skeptics, and Humanists at the University of Minnesota, the Humanists of Minnesota, the Minnesota Atheists, and the Atheists for Human Rights (who in this case aren't participating in the picnics). The Twin Cities has an…

"The Environmental Wars" at Caltech

I'm locking horns with Reason's Ronald Bailey early next month at the following conference put on by Michael Shermer's Skeptics Society: Why are we still debating climate change? How soon will we hit peak oil supply? When politics mix with science, what is being brewed? Join speakers from the left & the right, from the lab & the field, from industry & advocacy, as we air the ongoing debate about whether human activity is actually changing the climate of the planet. Bailey and I are debating, for an hour, the question of "Distorting Science: Who's Worse, The Left or the Right?" I…

Signing a public petition means taking a public stand.

This, in turn, means that members of the public who strongly disagree with your stand may decide to track you down and let you know they disagree with you. Apparently, this may become an issue for those who signed the Pro-Test petition in support of ethical and human scientific research with animals. From an email sent to signatories: [A] few websites hosted by animal rights activists have encouraged their readerships to visit the list of Pro-Test signatories in order to find names and to contact those persons to express their opposition to animal research. While your email addresses on the…

Woo-peddlers: 'Obesity is like AIDS.'

I just moved into a new apartment about a month ago. Of course, Im still getting mail for person-who-used-to-live-here. Most of it is junk-mail ('JOIN AT&T U-VERSE!!!'), but in the 4 weeks Ive been here, there have been 3 magazines... 3 thick, glossy, SEED-quality (construction, not content) magazines... from 'Life Extension: The ULTIMATE Source For New Health And Medical Findings From Around The World.' If you havent heard of this magazine, dont worry-- its not an all-medical version of SEED or Discover, its a +100 page advertisement for dietary supplements disguised as a magazine. Its…

Links 5/14/11

Links for you. Science: How Nature's lawyers drown investigative science journalism Free Science, One Paper at a Time Destructive Asian longhorned beetles found near quarantine boundary; zone expanded to Auburn Let us eat (other people's) fish Other: Simply The Best The Unbearable Lightness of Being Mitt Workers Inject Trees to Protect Against Dutch Elm Disease on the Common DEAR DAVID BROOKS: AMERICANS AREN'T SOLIPSISTS -- REPUBLICANS ARE Why It's Strange That Everybody in the United States Speaks English Traditional Jewish Food: A Defense. Some of us are actually okay with who we are and…

Cafe Scientifique tonight

Today is my very, very long day, but it's going to be loads of fun. This morning, my intro biology students and I are going to shred creationism in lecture; this afternoon, I teach our first fly labs in genetics (warning to colleagues: there may be escapees); and this evening at 6, it's time for our Cafe Scientifique, down at the Common Cup Coffeehouse in town. The first 7½ hours of my teaching day you only get to join in if you pay tuition here, but Cafe Scientifique is free and open to the public! Tonight, Jamey Jones of the Geology discipline will talk about "Using rocks to tell time and…

The Play's The Thing

The second line of that quote, you know is "Wherein I'll catch the conscience of the King". At the Frontiers in Education conference held in San Diego at the end of October, there was an interesting work-in-progress titled "Evaluation of Canadian High School Girls' Perception of CSET Using A Play" by Anne-Marie Laroche and Jeanne d'Arc Gaudet. (CSET = computer science, science, engineering, technology) The authors developed a new play that present[ed] different professions which are linked to CSET in a humorous manner, using everyday language and representations of several historically…

Go On Till You Come to the End; Then Stop

ScienceBlogs is coming to an end. I don't know that there was ever a really official announcement of this, but the bloggers got email a while back letting us know that the site will be closing down. I've been absolutely getting crushed between work and the book-in-progress and getting Charlie the pupper, but I did manage to export and re-import the content to an archive site back on steelypips.org. (The theme there is an awful default WordPress one, but I'm too slammed with work to make it look better; the point is just to have an online archive for the temporary redirects to work with.) I'm…

Axis of Bigotry: Iran. Zimbabwe. China. America?

The UN Economic and Social Council is a group of non-governmental organizations that work to find solutions to social problems around the world and facilitate greater respect for human rights and human liberty. There are over 2100 NGOs involved with the council and recently two more applied for membership, the International Lesbian and Gay Association and the Danish Association of Gays and Lesbians. The United States joined forces with Iran, Egypt, China, Zimbabwe and Cameroon to not only prevent these groups from joining, but to prevent them from even getting a hearing on their application…

Afternoon Tea With Richard Wiseman (video)

The first in a series by @RichardWiseman: During the Edinburgh Festival I will invite some of my favourite magicians, skeptics, psychologists and comedians to join me for afternoon tea. Over a plentiful supply of cakes, pastries and sandwiches we will chat about this and that, and occasionally the other. I hope that you will feel moved to put on the kettle, relax and join us. Five podcasts are already up....

Do you live in Minnesota?

If not, ignore this blog post. If so, then my next question is, are you an atheist, agnostic, or free thinkier kinda person? If not, then ignore this blog post. If so, then my next question is, are you a member of Minnesota Atheists? If not, then. CLICK HERE AND JOIN, GODDAMMIT!!!! On the left side bar: A "join and donate" link just waiting for you.

How Evil Are You?

There is a nifty new online test that allows you to determine your evilness. A friend of mine earned the score of "twisted" which is quite evil, overall. Hoever, you have to go below the fold to find my score and to learn what yours is, too. How evil are you? Well, no, I don't work for AOL, but I do live in a nuthouse, does that increase my evilness? How the heck did this nuthouse story get started in the first place? . tags: online quiz, evilness

Searching the scientific literature through the years

After my experience with using (or, as at least one of my readers has suggested, misusing) my blog to get an article to which my university does not provide online access, it occurred to me just how much our means of accessing the scientific literature has changed in the last decade and just how radical those changes have been. Again, those who are old farts with me may remember that a little more than 10 years ago at the institution where I did my residency, we could do electronic searches of the Medline database, but it wasn't over the Internet. Basically, the library bought access to…

Edward Burtynsky: TED Prize wish: Share the story of Earth's manufactured landscapes

Accepting his 2005 TED Prize, photographer Edward Burtynsky makes a wish: that his images -- stunning landscapes that document humanity's impact on the world -- help persuade millions to join a global conversation on sustainability. Burtynsky presents a riveting slideshow of his photographs, which show vividly how industrial development is altering the Earth's natural landscape. From mountains of tires to rivers of bright orange waste from a nickel mine, his images are simultaneously beautiful and horrifying

Using Facebook to assess the size of social networks

There are some people who argue that the Internet increases the size of people's social networks by lowering the transaction costs of interacting with people. Facebook -- as a dataset -- is handy for determining whether this is true. Everyone on Facebook has friends with whom you communicate on a regular or irregular basis. Therefore, it could allow you to quantify the size of social networks on the Internet. This is precisely what Cameron Marlow, a sociologist at Facebook, did at the prompting of the Economist. Marlow looks at the size of social networks on Facebook in terms of friend…

Student database to attract hackers

Okay, so while we're bagging on Queensland, here's a couple of articles (Ars Technica, ZDNet) on a proposed and apparently non-negotiable database of Queensland students, including their things like photos, career aspirations, off-campus activities, contact information, behavior records, attendance, and performance records. But don't worry: the minister has declared that it won't be hackable, and we all know how well politicians understand hacking, and how well hackers behave when politely asked. And of course no hackers might want to use that information for nefarious purposes neither…

Urban Innovation

I'll have more to say about cities and the brain in the coming days, but I thought it was worth highlighting this thoughtful post by the economist Edward Glaeser on how NYC is "America's most resilient city": When other cities, including Boston, experienced significant population declines from 1950 to 1970, New York City still grew, albeit modestly. Only during the 1970s, the years of my Manhattan youth, did the city a suffer major population decline. However, New York managed to come roaring back, while other cities have just continued to fall. The secret of New York's post-1970 reinvention…

When Online and Offline collide (or collude) - at ScienceOnline2010

A number of sessions at the Conference are looking at sociological aspects of the Web and science. I have already pointed, in quite a lot of detail, to the session on civility and politeness, as well as several other sessions that touch on the topics of language and trust. Let's look at several others that approach the social aspects of science online (and offline) from different angles: Casting a wider net: Promoting gender and ethnic diversity in STEM - D.N.Lee and Anne Jefferson Description: We will introduce programs that attract wider audiences to science, math, and engineering at…

When Online and Offline collide (or collude) - at ScienceOnline2010

A number of sessions at the Conference are looking at sociological aspects of the Web and science. I have already pointed, in quite a lot of detail, to the session on civility and politeness, as well as several other sessions that touch on the topics of language and trust. Let's look at several others that approach the social aspects of science online (and offline) from different angles: Casting a wider net: Promoting gender and ethnic diversity in STEM - D.N.Lee and Anne Jefferson Description: We will introduce programs that attract wider audiences to science, math, and engineering at…

ACLU Sues NSA Over Wiretapping

The ACLU has filed an unprecedented lawsuit against the National Security Agency over what they say is illegal wiretapping of American citizens in contact with people in other nations. The lawsuit is filed on behalf of numerous journalists, scholars and organizations whose members have reason to believe that their phone calls and emails may have been among those listened in on and read without a warrant from the FISA court by the NSA, including James Bamford, a journalist who was threatened with prosecution in the 1970s while researching NSA wiretapping, Tara McKelvey, the Council on American…

An anti-vaccine protest in New York today

Blame Comcast, I say. Blame Comcast for the fact that I don't have a typical pearl of Orac-ian logorrheic majesty for your edification this morning. And there's so much that requires such a pearl to be thrown at it, too, in particular a study claiming that cell phone radiation alters brain metabolism in the areas where the cell phones are typically held. Oh, well, maybe tomorrow; that is, if something else doesn't catch my attention--and if my Internet service has decided to work long enough to let me do it. Yes, the reason there's no Insolence, Respectful or not-so-Respectful, laid down this…

What your Facebook page says about who you "really" are

Recently a woman had her sick leave benefits based on a diagnosis of clinical depression terminated because of a few pictures she posted on her Facebook page showing her smiling at a birthday party and enjoying a trip to the beach. Was this a fair assessment of her medical condition? Probably not--people with clinical depression can have moments of genuine joy or elation, and even sad people can fake a smile for a photo. But regardless of whether a few photos posted online are sufficient evidence for a medical diagnosis, there is a larger question: Does a person's online persona match up to…

No bigger bird flu problem in China?

When WHO tells us that there is no bigger bird flu problem in China I guess it's all relative. Like the old joke where one old man asks the other how he feels, the answer is "compared to what"? The World Health Organization says that while there have already been three deaths from bird flu in China this year, there are no signs the deadly disease is becoming a bigger problem. In a statement Wednesday, the WHO's top representative in China, Hans Troedsson, says the three recent cases were not unexpected considering the winter season. (VOA News) Despite the occurrence of three deaths in China…

DOJ's Proposed Ban of Non-canine Service Animals Is Bad News for Disabled Muslims

A quick post as part of my ongoing follow up to my recent New York Times Magazine story about the use of non-canine service animals and the DOJ's efforts to ban them:  There's an interesting discussion going on about how limiting service animal species also limits religious freedom ... In the interesting comments thread of this blog post, a woman named Mona Ramouni explains that she is currently in the process of having a miniature horse trained as her guide because her religious faith makes it so she can't use a guide dog.  Here's an excerpt of her comments: "I am a Muslim, and we believe…

Guinea pigs, please line up here

I have received a request for volunteers to assist as subjects in a research project. I was disappointed; there are no exotic drugs, no catheters, no insane experimental surgeries that will turn you into a super-being with surprising powers beyond all mortal ken, but the fellow did manage to spell my name correctly, so it must be on the up-and-up. Contact Ben Myers (hey! That's how he got the spelling correct — he cheated!) if you're interested. Dr. Myers, I am an assistant professor of communication studies at USC Upstate. I am in the process of starting a research project and I was…

A good way to start the new year

The Foundation Beyond Belief is a new humanist charitable and educational organization that can be the focus of your godless giving. They've got an interesting approach: they set up 10 categories (education, the environment, poverty, human rights, etc.), and you pick what percentage of your donation you'd like to go to each category. They also highlight a reputable charity within each category that will receive your donation: read the FAQ for details on how it works. One of the major virtues of this foundation to the humanist and atheist movement is that it can be (if many of us cooperate…

Roy Spencer Is The Worst Person In The World

Dr. Roy W. Spencer has a blog and a facebook page, is a famous climate science denier, and, it turns out, an unmitigated ass. Peter Sinclair notes, Roy Spencer is of course, most famous for consistently misreading his own data for some decade or more, insisting that the planet was cooling, even during some of the fastest warming trend of the last millennium. He remains the “official climatologist of the Rush Limbaugh Show”. Must be a good gig. The wronger you are, the more fans and funding you attract. And now, following hard on the Paris attacks, he wrote this: Why ISIS Should Support COP21…

ScienceOnline'09 - Saturday blogging

Too tired (and it's too late) to write anything myself....but others have done it: Sciencewomen: Overwhelmed at ScienceOnline 2009 Sciencewomen: Open Access publishing at ScienceOnline 2009 Sciencewomen: Alice's gender and science session: How can we be allies? Sciencewomen: ScienceOnline09: The day wends on Highly Allochthonous: Liveblogging from ScienceOnline... Living the Scientific Life (Scientist, Interrupted): What Happened to Tangled Bank? Adventures in Ethics and Science: ScienceOnline'09: Managing your online persona through transitions. Culture Dish: Documents for my ScienceOnline…

Yoink!

Today got off to a pretty bad start, so I'm experiencing a bit of blogger's block. In lieu of anything original, I liked Janet's questions about science blogs so much that I've decided to steal them and put up my own answers. John has done the same, and I expect others to soon follow suit. (Abel has now joined in, as has Greg.) 1. Why do you consider this blog a science blog? I didn't initially set out with the goal of creating a science blog; it emerged as an outpouring of what I've been learning about and trying to understand about evolution. Some of what I write involves new papers,…

Spotlight on Kavli Science Contest Advisor Joanne Manaster

By Stacy Jannis The Kavli Science in Fiction Video Contest challenges Gr 6-12 students to examine the science in fiction, including science fiction movies, TV shows, and games. Our contest advisors include science educators , scientists, and Hollywood scifi visual effects experts. Follow #SciInSciFi on twitter  for contest updates. Joanne Manaster is a faculty lecturer teaching online biology courses for the Master of Science Teaching-Biology program at the School of Integrative Biology at the University of Illinois, and has taught lab courses in Bioengineering and Cell and Developmental…

A Mathematical Meme from Janet

Janet over at Adventures in Ethics and Science has tagged all of us newbies with a Pi meme. As the new math-geek-in-residence here, I'm obligated to take on anything dealing with Pi. 3 reasons you blog about science Because I genuinely enjoy teaching, and the one thing that I regret about being in industry instead of academia is that I don't get to teach. Blogging gives me an opportunity to do something sort-of like teaching, but on my own terms and my own schedule. Because I'm obsessed with this stuff, and I love it, and I want to try to show other people why…

Skeptical About Skeptics

This is an adaptation of the talk I gave at Westminster Skeptics in the Pub on Monday 2nd August. You can hear an audio transcript of the talk at the Pod Delusion website. I was invited to stage the talk again at the Winchester SITP, a recording of which is here. I'm very much a child of the skeptical community. I started writing about bad science in 2004, in a scissors-and-glue zine titled War On Error (a very droll play on words at the time, and a lot easier than coming up with a twist on Overseas Contingency Operation). Eventually this moved online, morphing into SciencePunk. Over…

Don't 'debate' creationists!

A scientist, Charles L. Rulon, debated an ID creationist, and here are the opening remarks he gave to justify joining in the debate. He first gave a list of reasons to not debate, which I'll summarize in my own words here: It pits oratory against science in a venue where you'll be judged on your rhetoric. It gives publicity to creationists. Creationists can generate more lies more quickly than you can refute. Debates artificially give equal time to two sides, falsely elevating creationist trivia to equality with scientific substance. The debates are often used to recruit members to…

ScienceOnline09 - more individual session pages

Now that the registration is closed (you can still get on the waitlist if you send an e-mail to info@scienceonline09.com), it's time to start preparing for the sessions. Here are some more sessions you may be interested in: Not just text - image, sound and video in peer-reviewed literature Alternative careers: how to become a journal editor Providing public health and medical information to all Art and science -- online and offline Anonymity, Pseudonymity - building reputation online Open Access in the networked world: experience of developing and transition countries Social networking for…