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Roadless once more

Judge Restores Clinton's 'Roadless Rule': A federal judge on Wednesday reinstated the "Roadless Rule," a Clinton-era ban on road construction in nearly a third of national forests. This rule had prohibited development of various sorts in areas that were designated as roadless, meaning they were further than a certain distance from any sort of manmade road. The rule covered almost 60 million acres of federal land, but it was replaced with a half-assed system that the feds don't even seem to be applying consistently. As it stood, the governors were going to be allowed to write their own rules…

Fructose, bad in rats

You've probably heard about the research in the press, but please see Derek Lowe for perspective. The difference between high fructose corn syrup and sugar as an additive may, or may not, be problematic. But the uncertainty in this area is why I try and avoid excessively processed foods*, there's just so much we don't know. If you're poor and short on cash perhaps the high ratio of calories per cent of processed foods are simply necessary, but for people of even modest means I don't think it is that difficult to cut most consumables which come out of boxes from your diet. Again, I want to…

Billion year contract

This is funny: Raised as Scientologists, Christie King Collbran and her husband, Chris, were recruited as teenagers to work for the elite corps of staff members who keep the Church of Scientology running, known as the Sea Organization, or Sea Org. They signed a contract for a billion years -- in keeping with the church's belief that Scientologists are immortal. They worked seven days a week, often on little sleep, for sporadic paychecks of $50 a week, at most. Check this conclusion: Ms. Collbran says she still believes in Scientology -- not in the church as it is now constituted, but in its…

Mmmm, sliced Majungasaurus

Majungasaurus is one cool theropod. Not only does is have a neat, knobby skull but the numerous remains of this dinosaur allowed for an entire series of papers on it to appear in the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoirs. Although it is hardly a household name quite a bit is known about this predator from the ancient sediments of Madagascar, and the Witmer Lab has recently put up some really cool 3D animations of cutting planes through the skull of Majungasaurus; There's also some cool video of sagittal slices through the skull of Majungasaurus; You can expect to be hearing more…

What do you get when you put Al Sharpton and Pat Robertson together?

A commercial about global climate change; And there's one with Nancy Pelosi and Newt Gingrich, too; I haven't had much time to poke around the site as yet, but wecansolveit.org is the homepage of the We campaign, an extension of the Alliance for Climate Protection that Al Gore started in 2006. The campaign is primarily hoping to cause a sea change in public understanding about global climate change to bring the public up to date on issues that scientists have known for years. From a FAQ found on the website; The We campaign is a nationwide effort to engage and mobilize the American…

Linnaeus' Legacy #2

A crude evolutionary tree drawn by Charles Darwin in his first "transmutation" notebook around July 1837. Welcome, dear reader, to the second edition of the taxonomically-oriented blog carnival Linnaeus' Legacy, founded by fellow science blogger Christopher Taylor. Here's the "view from the top" as to what science bloggers have been saying about taxonomy and systematics this month; Just like old rock stars, naturalists of old still go on tour, or at least some of their prestigious works do. Michael Barton of the Dispersal of Darwin tells us of Linnaeus' personal copy of Systema Naturae…

I really need to pick up another copy...

Today in 1859 Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life was published (and immediately sold out). While Darwin published many other books during his life (including the very popular The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms With Observations of Their Habits), On the Origin of Species is by far the most famous and influential, and it is my own shame that my only copy is a small pocket version of it (although I do own 2nd edition copies of The Descent of Man and The Variation of…

Arduino Physics

This is so awesome - an arduino controlled fan cart. If you are not familiar with the arduino, basically it is just a very simple and cheap programmable chip. I have been meaning to play around with one of these, but really I am afraid. Afraid I will like it just a little too much. In this fan cart (made by Eric Ayars - who was at NC State when I was there), the arduino tells the fan when to turn on and off by sensing magnets on the track. Who cares? I care. This allows you to do some cool demos and activities with non-constant forces. Some other things I can think of: You could make…

Rage rising…rising…rising…

Now Bora has left ScienceBlogs. And all is still quiet from Seed Media Group. A lot of the bloggers here are talking behind the scenes, and I can tell you what it feels like. Bora compares it to Bion's Effect, where the departure of a few people at a party triggers a sudden end to the event. He's wrong (Bora wrong? It happens sometimes). This is a situation rather more fraught. The ship is sinking. The Captain stands at the wheel, saying nothing, doing nothing. All of us on board are edging towards the lifeboats, completely baffled by the paralysis up top, and wondering when some action will…

Pressure demo: suction

How does a suction cup work? It is all about the atmosphere. Here is a demo. Take some type of "suction cup" device. In this case, I used a toy dart. Stick it to something smooth and lift it up. Like this: What lifts up the metal block? The atmosphere. Diagram time: But this isn't a very realistic diagram. Actually, the suction cup would be pushing down on the block because the force from the atmosphere would be too large to balance with the weight. Let me put some numbers in here. Suppose this is an aluminum block - I just going to pretend it is 4cm on a side (and a cube). In…

Scientists discover particles in waves?

There are a couple of things I should probably not talk about. One of them is photons. But no matter what you think about photons you will probably agree that this is not a very good description of electromagnetic radiation. (from comos4kids.com) Structure of Energy:All EM energy waves travel at the speed of light when in a vacuum. No matter what their frequency or wavelength, they always move at the same speed. Some properties of waves, such as diffraction and interference, are also seen in EM radiation. Scientists have figured out that there are tiny particles in these waves. The…

Fare thee well, William F. Buckley

Making Light reminds us of William F. Buckley's greatest hits: “The central question that emerges…is whether the White community in the South is entitled to take such measures as are necessary to prevail, politically and culturally, in areas where it does not predominate numerically? The sobering answer is Yes—the White community is so entitled because, for the time being, it is the advanced race.” —William F. Buckley, National Review, August 24, 1957 He continued defending nonsense in erudite ways through his long and often tedious career: What we contend is that everyone should acknowledge…

More on moral courage

Earlier I quoted Hillary Clinton asking: So when I hear Senator Obama talk about that, I wonder which fights he wouldn't fight.… It's all this kind of abstract, general talk about how we all need to get along. I want to get along, and I have gotten along in the Senate. I will work with Republicans to find common cause whenever I can, but I will also stand my ground, because there are fights worth having. Obama was in the Senate today, and voted against granting retroactive immunity to telecom companies that broke the law by letting the government listen to private citizens' phone calls…

The Marketing of A Primate

Are bonobos really such peaceful beatniks? Is is true that they like to make love, not war? The truth is that nobody really knows. Ian Parker has a fascinating profile of the species, and our attempts to learn about the species, in the latest New Yorker: This pop image of the bonobo--equal parts dolphin, Dalai Lama, and Warren Beatty--has flourished largely in the absence of the animal itself, which was recognized as a species less than a century ago. Two hundred or so bonobos are kept in captivity around the world; but, despite being one of just four species of great ape, along with…

Is Depression Overdiagnosed?

A recent study in The Archives of General Psychiatry suggests that 25 percent of all Americans diagnosed with depression are actually just dealing with the normal disappointments of life, like divorce or the loss of a job. Their sadness is being treated like a medical condition. They were given drugs, when what they really needed was support: The study also suggested that drug treatment may often be inappropriate for people who are experiencing painful -- but normal -- responses to life's stresses. Supportive therapy, on the other hand, may be useful -- and may keep someone who has been…

Will Wright

Here are some choice quotes from Will Wright's recent speech at SXSW. Is it odd that one of the most insightful thinkers in our culture designs computer games? [When designing a game], we're trying to generate the largest rulespace in a game. This is the opposite of science, where we try to find simple rules to describe all this data. There's this topological difference... So in some sense the entire planet is a toy. One of the really nice things with a toy like this is you can give people long term dynamics over short term sense. It's so hard for us to think over the long term, longer than…

Bring Back the Diesel Engine

I'm all for clean air regulations, but sometimes they don't make very much sense. Case in point: California, along with four Northeastern states, has imposed strict limits on the type of pollutants coming out of the tailpipe of a car. There's only one problem: these regulations make diesel engines illegal, since even the most modern diesel engines emit slightly too much NOx (nitrides of oxygen). Fancy diesel engines (like the Mercedes Bluetec) go to great lengths to reduce their NOx emissions, such as injecting ammonia-rich urea into the exhaust stream. But it's still not clear that they will…

Mastery Learning in High School Chemistry

I saw this over at ScienceGeekGirl which links to a video from two high school chemistry teachers in Colorado. The two teachers describe how they modified their chemistry courses. ScienceGeekGirl gives an excellent summary of their changes and motivations, so here is the short and dirty version: They realized that their traditional lecture based course was not very effective. They made video podcasts of their lectures and used class time for the students to work on problems and do demos and stuff. Really, that is it. It seems so simple, but it is very interesting. The part I find…

Social Contagions

A fascinating YouTube video, from the Sasquatch Music Festival: This reminds me of the classic Milgram study on social conformity. (No, I'm not talking about that Milgram experiment.) In this study, Milgram had "confederates" stop on a busy city street and look upwards at the sky. He demonstrated that when one person was looking up, 40 percent of passerby also looked up, just in case something interesting was happening. (There was nothing to look at, just sky and buildings.) When two people were looking up, 60 of passerby looked up. When there were three people, the percentage jumped to 65…

Creepy and annoying

Jean Stevens was a lonely old lady with an unpleasant obsession. She dug up her dead twin sister and husband and kept the corpses in her house, dressing them up and offering them tea and talking to them. That's a little disturbing, but mostly harmless — except that you can't help but think that she'd be a lot happier with living company. But here's the annoying part. They just had to interview a psychiatrist about it (that's actually a good idea), but then they got a singularly cluelless one. Dr. Helen Lavretsky, a psychiatry professor at UCLA who researches how the elderly view death and…

Stem Cells

Ronald M. Green writes in the Washington Post: Few issues are likely to generate more emotional opposition than federal funding of stem cell research. Handled wrongly, it could energize conservative opponents and derail Barack Obama's presidency. There is no question that we must move ahead, but caution is key. Actually: Time Poll conducted by Abt SRBI. June 18-25, 2008. N=805 likely voters nationwide. MoE ± 3. "There is a type of medical research that involves using special cells, called embryonic stem cells, that might be used in the future to treat or cure many diseases, such as Alzheimer'…

Yes we did!

That was the chant tonight in the Rio Casino ballroom in Las Vegas tonight. Barack Obama won a resounding victory nationwide, and especially in Nevada, where I and some friends have been campaigning for several weekends. I'm also encouraged to see Indiana now in Obama's column. More on that later, after I've had a chance to return to Oakland and process this incredible victory. Worryingly, California's anti-family proposition, Prop. 8, seems poised to succeed. Encouragingly, the creationist candidates in Kansas seem largely to have lost. Kathy Martin will keep her seat, reminding people…

123456 most common password?

If Your Password Is 123456, Just Make It HackMe: Back at the dawn of the Web, the most popular account password was "12345." Today, it's one digit longer but hardly safer: "123456." Despite all the reports of Internet security breaches over the years, including the recent attacks on Google's e-mail service, many people have reacted to the break-ins with a shrug. According to a new analysis, one out of five Web users still decides to leave the digital equivalent of a key under the doormat: they choose a simple, easily guessed password like "abc123," "iloveyou" or even "password" to protect…

Nancy Boyda releases her list of earmarks

One of the reforms introduced by the new Congress was a requirement that funding requested by a specific member of Congress identify that member. Apparently, this year's list will not be completed until the appropriations bills get into the House-Senate conference committee. Congresswoman Boyda doesn't want to wait that long. She has listed all the projects she's hoping to see funded. The list totals to about $200 million, though only a few of the 64 projects will ultimately be funded. A look at the list reveals a focus on local community improvements. Road projects, sewer improvements…

Get-rich-quick ideas for hungry inventors (end-of-semester edition).

Dear inventors, My personal experience (and what I have heard from the many other academics with whom I communicate) suggests a number of inventions that would sell a bazillion units at colleges and universities world-wide. For your convenience, I list the items that would have the biggest demand first. However, it's worth noting that even the items at the bottom of the list would make professorial lives significantly better, and that we would gladly dip into the funds currently allocated for recreational reading and hooch to purchase them. Self-grading exams. (No, not those scantron…

GM To Unveil A New Electric Car

GM has already killed off one electric car - the EV1 was a product tragically ahead of its time - but the company is now committed to building an improved version: The new car, to be unveiled as a prototype early next year, would use an onboard internal-combustion engine as a generator to produce electricity to extend the range of the vehicle's rechargeable batteries. The idea was greeted enthusiastically by Chris Paine, director of "Who Killed the Electric Car?" The recent documentary took GM to task for creating and then abandoning the first production electric vehicle since the early 1900s…

Diversity Erodes Trust

This is a very depressing study. Harvard's Robert Putnam has found that increased societal diversity leads to diminished solidarity. A bleak picture of the corrosive effects of ethnic diversity has been revealed in research by Harvard University's Robert Putnam, one of the world's most influential political scientists. His research shows that the more diverse a community is, the less likely its inhabitants are to trust anyone - from their next-door neighbour to the mayor. This is a contentious finding in the current climate of concern about the benefits of immigration. Professor Putnam told…

Great Beards: Nemo!

The beard-or-not donations seem to be fading…we're at 86% of the goal. Clearly you need inspiration, and here it is: the fabulous Captain Nemo. Notice also yet another reason for the beard: it expresses our yearnings for the glorious appendages of the cephalopod. We can't have tentacles, but at least we can recognized the beauty of dangly bits hanging off of our heads. By the way, I have to address a base canard that I have been hearing from many poorly informed women: that the beard is scratchy and unpleasant. Not true! This is a confusion spread by those men who shave, and who reduce their…

Koufax Award Voting is Open!

The polls for 2005 Koufax Awards are now open! There are 15 award categories, and a good representation of science bloggers (including ScienceBlogsers) among the nominees. Including (aw, shucks!) "Adventures in Ethics and Science" in the Best New Blog category. Of course, I would be honored if you were to vote for me! (Voting this round is in the comments or via email. Please, only vote once in each category -- this isn't a Front Page poll!) Here are some of my favorites in the categories in which I'm not competing: Best Expert Blog: Afarensis Circadiana Cognitive Daily Cosmic Variance…

Parking and Gender

I'm now officially the most annoying backseat driver ever. I was annoying before, but ever since I read Tom Vanderbilt's Traffic (a great book) I've turned into a Mr. Know It All, offering pearls of wisdom on everything from how to merge (be selfish) to the ideal type of intersection (the roundabout). I've even started dispensing parking advice, which caused my girlfriend to kick me out of the car in the supermarket parking lot this weekend: In the Wal-Mart parking lot, there was something else interesting about the two groups of parkers. More women opt to adopt the "cycling" strategy [this…

Tip of the Tongue

I've got an article in the Boston Globe Ideas section on a phenomenon that's always fascinated me: the tip-of-the-tongue moment. Late in 1988, a 41-year-old Italian hardware clerk arrived in his doctor's office with a bizarre complaint. Although he could recognize people, and remember all sorts of information about them, he had no idea what to call them. He'd lost the ability to remember any personal name, even the names of close friends and family members. He was forced to refer to his wife as "wife." A few months before, the man, known as LS in the scientific literature, had been in a…

Hot Flashes in Japan

I'm really looking forward to reading Anne Harrington's new book on the history of mind-body medicine. I thought this factoid, from her interview with the Boston Globe Ideas section, was quite interesting: IDEAS: One of the things I learned reading the book is that there's no word for "hot flashes" in Japanese because menopausal women there don't get them. HARRINGTON: This is the work of an anthropologist named Margaret Lock, who looked at older Japanese women and found that this very common symptom of menopause in Western countries didn't seem to be widely known in Japan. IDEAS: How does she…

McEwan, Nabokov and Fake Science

Ian McEwan is mischievous. He ends Enduring Love - a novel about a science writer - with a carefully faked psychiatric study from a non-existent British medical journal. Although the syndrome discussed in the article is real - De Clerambault's Syndrome is the delusional belief that someone else is in love with you - the particulars are all pretend. And yet, when Enduring Love was first released, most critics assumed that the journal article was, in fact, the inspiration for the novel. Christopher Lehmann-Haupt, a former book critics for the New York Times, even went so far as to complain that…

Epidemiology

Gary Taubes has a pretty damning takedown of modern epidemiology at the Times Magazine: In the case of H.R.T. [Hormone Replacement Therapy], as with most issues of diet, lifestyle and disease, the hypotheses begin their transformation into public-health recommendations only after they've received the requisite support from a field of research known as epidemiology. This science evolved over the last 250 years to make sense of epidemics -- hence the name -- and infectious diseases. Since the 1950s, it has been used to identify, or at least to try to identify, the causes of the common chronic…

Large eruption at Bezymianny

Undated image of Bezymianny in Kamchatka. Eruptions reader M. Randolph Kruger just let us in on a significant eruption at Bezymianny in Kamchatka. The AVO/KVERT alert for the volcano suggests a fairly significant explosive eruption that might cause some snarls in the international air travel over the Kamchatka Peninsula. The KVERT statement: A strong explosive eruption of Bezymianny volcano occurred from 12:34 till 12:50 UTC on May 31, according to seismic data. Ash fall in Kozyrevsk village is continuing. The volcano obscured by clouds. A big ash cloud remains over Kamchatka at present (…

Nyamuragira starts off 2010 with an eruption

It didn't take long in the new year to get started! Nymuragira erupting in January 2010. Nyamuragira in the Congo erupted to start off the new year, producing explosions and lava flows. The flow are moving down the southern flank of the volcano. The eruption started with loud, concussive noises at 3:45 AM that startled rangers at the National Park that surround the volcanoes Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. It appears that there was some part of the eruption that was either fire fountains or strombolian as the rangers describe the early events as "fire with sparks flying". The lava flows from…

Shiveluch has second large eruption in this month

Shiveluch volano in Russia. Just like last summer seemed like a busy time for the Aleutians (Cleveland, Okmok and Kasatochi), this summer could be dubbed the "summer of Kamchatka-Kurils" (alright, it isn't that catchy, sorry). The biggest news was/is, of course, the sizeable eruption from Sarychev Peak in the Kuril Islands, but not to be outdone, Shiveluch on the Kamchatka Peninsula has starting playing catchup. KVERT is reporting that Shiveluch produced a 7 km / 23,000 foot ash column on Monday, with increased seismicity to go along with the explosions. These explosions are generating the…

I'm ashamed of our governor

It's not all good news: Jonathan Katz may have lost a position, but someone who had much more power to do good keeps his. Our Minnesota governor, Tim Pawlenty, is also a homophobic jerk—he just vetoed a bill that promoted some common decency, giving gay partners a few end-of-life rights and responsibilities, so gay people could make decisions about disposition of the body at the death of a partner, for instance. It was a bill that did not go so far as to legalize gay marriage, but simply acknowledged that grieving gay people ought not to be barred from making decisions about the people they…

Chaiten? Or Minchinmavida? Or Minchinhuila?

The big eruption news today is an unexpected eruption in southern Chile. In fact, it is so unexpected that depending on when and where you read about it, you might get a different answer to what volcano is doing the eruption. What we do know at this point is an eruptive column has been spotted by people on the ground and the Washington VAAC, with estimates of an eruptive column height of between 35-55,000 feet. In other words: pretty darn sizeable. Ash is also coming down in town to the east of the eruption in Argentina. Now it seems that Chilean officials say Volcan Chaiten is the culprit…

Called out

Shorter David Klinghoffer, Disco. 'tute scrivener: We Called Out Darwinist Critic Carl Zimmer, He Folded, and Now He's a Darwinist Hero: We called out Carl Zimmer, he kicked our asses, and now we're butthurt about it. Klinghoffer is peeved that when knowledgeable people are asked to abandon standard tools of scientific discourse in exchange from an offer to "debate" Disco. staff on the Disco. blog, about a book written by Disco. staff, published by the Disco. press, those people offer a polite "I would prefer not."  Klinghoffer's under the misimpression that "the debate about evolution is…

Mindless indeed

Disco. club owner Bruce Chapman is upset. He saw a report from Saturday which claimed that the UN had someone in charge of meeting aliens if they landed. Two days later, he therefore launched a breathless critique of the obviously Darwinian influence on this decision, a blog post he titled Evidence of Mindless Evolution at the U.N.: the U.N. now wants to establish a liaison with these unknown creatures, even if there is no evidence for their existence at all--just speculation. A Malaysian astrophysicist is to be the first ambassador of the world to little green men on Mars, or wherever they…

Superdickery

So Chris Hitchens canceled his book tour in order to get cancer treatment, and some douchebag is crowing about it, saying that it's all part of God's great plan. You see, it's a slow-growing cancer, which will give Hitchens time to recant his neocon imperialism atheism. PZ's response is exactly right: your god is clearly a dick, and so are you. I don't see why you're worshipping him, except that dicks seem to like other dicks an awful lot. I mean, assume an all-powerful deity who can change human physiology in order to bring people from atheism to theism. Now religious belief is a property…

Davey Jones' locker overfloweth

Shorter Ned Ryun, former Bush speechwriter and twin son of disgraced former middle-distance runner and Congressman Jim Ryun: An American Armada: Conservatives must defeat the socialists who are propping up our banking system and forcing all Americans to pay money to private health insurers. To do this, they must form an armada of sorts, in which each sacrifices his or her own wellbeing for the greater good. An armada or cadre, if you will, of heavily armed, poorly defended attackers willing to destroy their enemy (the American government) at all costs, even their lives. Only through such…

More correction needed

The New York Times issues an Apology for suggesting that political dynasties are political dynasties: In 1994, Philip Bowring, a contributor to the International Herald Tribuneâs op-ed page, agreed as part of an undertaking with the leaders of the government of Singapore that he would not say or imply that Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong had attained his position through nepotism practiced by his father Lee Kuan Yew. In a February 15, 2010, article, Mr. Bowring nonetheless included these two men in a list of Asian political dynasties, which may have been understood by readers to infer that the…

A brief note on analogies

Several commenters on earlier posts have suggested that I am claiming that religious truth claims are the same as literary truth claims. I understand how that misunderstanding could be reached, but it is a misunderstanding. I think that religious truth claims would include aspects of literary truth claims (the Bible surely uses metaphor and other literary techniques), but for religious believers, it clearly encompasses much more. As a non-theist, I don't fully grasp the level of meaning that theists experience in religion, and my analogy to literary truth claims is meant to set a lower…

Institutional scerlosis

The Nightmare Of Regulatory Reform: ...the SEC and the CFTC, two agencies that have fought hard to stay apart while the products they regulate grow more and more intertwined. Both Republicans and Democrats agree the two should become one, but former House Financial Services Committee chairman Mike Oxley says the chances of that happening are about as good as him beating Tiger Woods. This is obviously public choice theory at work. But more generally an inspection of history shows that institutions tend to go through phases, as if they have a life history like organisms. The Chinese dynastic…

Lesser of two evils?

The New York Times has a strange article up, For Your Health, Froot Loops, which profiles the controversy around a new health food guideline/endorsement organized by industry which seems somewhat fishy. This part made me laugh out loud: Dr. Kennedy, who is not paid for her work on the program, defended the products endorsed by the program, including sweet cereals. She said Froot Loops was better than other things parents could choose for their children. "You're rushing around, you're trying to think about healthy eating for your kids and you have a choice between a doughnut and a cereal," Dr…

Andrew Sullivan replies

He thinks I missed his important distinction. Christianity flees power as Jesus did; Christianism seeks it above everything else. And there is nothing more powerful than killing others, except for torturing them. Hence my distinction, which I make from no authority. I merely think that declaring a homeless, apolitical, non-violent hippie in first century Palestine as someone who would bless a twenty-first century terrorist militia in North America is a bit of a stretch. Funny thing, that: that was my whole point. Modern Christianity is nothing but Christianists, then, and it's a distinction…

What domestication changes

Over at Gene Expression Classic p-ter points to an interesting paper, Genetic Architecture of Tameness in a Rat Model of Animal Domestication: A common feature of domestic animals is tameness - i.e. they tolerate and are unafraid of human presence and handling. To gain insight into the genetic basis of tameness and aggression, we studied an intercross between two lines of rats (Rattus norvegicus) selected over more than 60 generations for increased tameness and increased aggression against humans, respectively. We measured 45 traits, including tameness and aggression, anxiety-related traits,…

Myers-Briggs & this blog

The Elf pointed me to Typealyzer where it supposedly analyzes the personality of the weblog. Well, this blog is.... ...INTJ - The Scientists: The long-range thinking and individualistic type. They are especially good at looking at almost anything and figuring out a way of improving it - often with a highly creative and imaginative touch. They are intellectually curious and daring, but might be pshysically hesitant to try new things. The Scientists enjoy theoretical work that allows them to use their strong minds and bold creativity. Since they tend to be so abstract and theoretical in their…